Neolithic Revolution Essay

The Neolithic Revolution was a great change from hunting and gathering to civilization because of discovery of agriculture. The Neolithic Revolution was an important turning point in history because it allowed people to create civilization. About 10,000 BCE, humans began to cultivate crops and domesticate certain animals; this was a change from the system of hunting and gathering. It brought changes to human society and culture. The people of this era were called nomads. The nomads would settle down in fertile areas and river valleys. Some of the first signs of technology began to appear around this time as well. During the Paleolithic Period, which lasts from the beginnings of human life until about 10,000 BCE, people were nomads. They lived in groups of 20 -30 and spent most of their time hunting and gathering. The nomads were people who were constantly moving. Nomads moved according to season and migrating animals. It`s true that in human societies the business of hunting and gath ering has involved specialization, with men doing the hunting and women much of the gathering. All humans, unlike most animals, carry the food home and share it, rather than consume it. Nomadic people didn’t have very many possessions for example; you could only bring what you could carry. It was a slow population growth in this time, since no one really settled down. Since people were constantly moving and struggling to survive, advancements in technology were extremely slow. The nomadic people really only had tools for digging, spears, knives, and clubs. When people switched from hunters and gathers to farming and agriculture it was a big turning point in history. Stone tools were a root to this vast change in lifestyle. Humans moved from bone and fur tools to stone tools. The first farmers relied on slash-and-burn agriculture, that involves the cutting and burning of plants in forest to create fields. Then after a while people started to use normal farming techniques. In order to use these techniques warm climate, water, and fertile soil was necessary. That was the reason people settled down by river valleys. The discovery of farming led a surplus of food this would be the first time ever seeing one. In a farming lifestyle, men spent most of their time outside the home in the fields or working with animals. The women worked in the home processing food, making clothes, and caring for children. Women’s status declined as men took the lead in in most areas of these early societies. The crops they raised depended on their location, and developed  agriculture independently at different times The technology and social organization of the Neolithic Revolution remained the basis of all civilization. The people’s tools and skills had advanced sufficiently for cultivating people to support towns with over one thousand people. Humans now had to stay in one place, aside from moving to more fertile land, to raise crops and domesticate animals. Small sedentary farming villages created the conditions necessary for development of c ities. Nomadic people settled down in villages and made families which eventually led to a market rise in population and town life. Scholars created a system of knowledge and writing, division of labor, trading economics and development of art started to occur. Farming now allowed members to abandon subsistence activities and become artisans, merchants and priests. Neolithic Revolution people could work in specialized trades such as metalworking or act as religious leaders. Cities arose with trade, markets, government, laws and armies. For the first time, people could spend their working lives focused on something other than survival. The Neolithic revolution was the most important development in human history. The way we live today, settled in homes, close to other people in towns and cities, protected by laws, eating food grown on farms, and with leisure time to learn, explore and invent is all a result of the Neolithic revolution, which occurred approximately 11,500-5,000 years ago.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Family Businesses

Family ownership or management of business is predominant in different countries. Family businesses exist in different sectors such as agriculture, manufacturing and services. Many of today’s prominent business firms that provide popular products and services and own respected brands are family businesses. Some businesses also start out as family businesses before shifting to other forms of business organisation. Family businesses are also significant contributors to economic growth. Firms owned or managed by families can be small, medium or large.Regardless of the size and scale of operation, the sheer number of family businesses translates into a diverse range of consumer products as well as employment opportunities and household income. However, like other forms of business organisations, family businesses have advantages and disadvantages that require consideration to support justifications for suitability in the present business environment.Advantages of Family Businesses Family businesses offer a number of advantages. These advantages explain the predominance of family businesses and the increase in firms owned and operated by families.The first advantage is the commitment towards the business that family members exhibit (Leach & Bogod 1999; Longenecker et al. 2006). Firms established and operated by families enjoy the commitment of family members involved in managing the business.There is a strong attachment to the business, as an outcome of direct and personal efforts. There is also the strong motivation to keep the business going. This leads to prudent decision-making over expenditures and investments (Longenecker et al. 2006). The business has high value to family members as a source of family pride and a legacy passed on from one generation to the next (Fleming 2000).The second advantage is flexibility over a wide range of areas, particularly work arrangements and responsiveness to change (Leach & Bogod 1999). Family members managing the busine ss are flexible when it comes to the time and effort they give to their work. As a highly valued venture, the family business becomes a priority to ensure business success (Fleming 2000). Family businesses also exhibit flexibility in responding to changing conditions in the business environment. Direct involvement in operations supports immediate recognition of problems and emerging opportunities (Sonfield & Lussier 2009).Decision-making over solutions or in tapping into opportunities also happens fast to respond to issues and needs. The third advantage is long-term planning fuelled by the goal of sustainability (Leach & Bogod 1999). The intention for family businesses is to continue across different generations (Fleming 2000). This intention influence strategic planning to ensure the stability and sustainability of the business. There is better anticipation and control of risks. Contingency plans are set in place. There is also high reliance on business knowledge and skills acquire d by the family (Lee, 2004).The fourth advantage is the exercise of direct control over the business by family members (Sonfield & Lussier 2009). The management of the business by family members supports speedy decision-making (Leach & Bogod 1999). Direct knowledge of operations provides information needed to support sound decisions. Decision-making can happen on the spot as problems emerge or comprise an expedited process. Moreover, family businesses are able to transmit family values into the corporate culture to ensure that operations align with the goals envisioned by the family (Fleming 2000).The last advantage is the achievement of employee motivation (Leenders & Waarts 2001). One source of employee motivation is the trust (Tagiuri & Davis 1996) emerging in the relationships within the business adopted from the fiduciary relationship among family members. Employees are extended trust to create the perception of value to the business.Another source of employee motivation is goo d channels of communication (Tagiuri & Davis 1996) that create a pleasant work environment. Communication not only eases work but also ensures the necessary support for the conduct of work. Appreciation and recognition are also easily communicated.Disadvantages of Family BusinessesFamily businesses also have disadvantages. Even if family businesses comprise the predominant form of business organisation worldwide, there are also family businesses that fail when the disadvantages overshadow the advantages. The first disadvantage is the rigidity of business structure and culture (Leach & Bogod 1999). Family businesses have the tendency to stick to tradition. While traditional practices may have led to the success of the firm, the changing business environment may require change.The value accorded to traditions and the fear of losing control may work against needed change. The second disadvantage is the impending conflict between family values and business interest (Leach & Bogod 1999) and conflict between personal life and the business (Longenecker et al. 2006). There is an overlap between family and business interests. Conflict emerges in areas when there is deviation between family and business interest such as in decisions to bring in external investors or change business practices. Decision-making can also become emotional when personal considerations intertwine with business (Fleming 2000).The inability to find a point of compromise can result to serious problems. The third disadvantage is the difficulty of continuity or succession (Leenders & Waarts 2001). Succession is a process charged with strong emotions and high stakes (Fleming 2000). Conflicts can arise when there are different family members aiming to become successors. The process requires consideration of competence apart from membership in the family to ensure not only the continuity of the family business but also the sustainability of the business itself (Lee, 2004). Unaddressed emotional issues can lead to the failure of the business.The fourth disadvantage is the threat of leadership crisis (Leach & Bogod 1999). A problem in the allocation of power can emerge when there is reluctance to allocate greater power to one member of the family to facilitate decision-making. There is likely to be preference for equal sharing of power, which can delay decisions during a deadlock (Sonfield & Lussier 2009). Problems with leadership can also relate to succession. There may not be good leaders in the family but there is preference for family members to lead the business (Fleming 2000).The last disadvantage is difficulties in achieving efficiency and profitability because of the preference for equity to the detriment of efficiency (Lee 2004). The placement of unknowledgeable and inexperienced family members in key positions instead of hiring external experts to take charge, while the family member gains experience, can lead to irrational or rash decisions that affect the performance o f the business (Fleming 2000). Similar situations focusing solely on equity can result to inefficiency that has a direct adverse effect on profitability.ConclusionFamily businesses have advantages and disadvantages. The family business, as a form of business organisation, suits today’s business environment through the advantages that are inherent or prominent in family owned or managed firms such as commitment, flexibility, control, long-term planning, and employee motivation. Addressing the disadvantages can be by finding the strategic balance between family and business concerns or interests that work for the business at present and in the future. In doing so, family businesses can ensure sustainability even in the fast-paced business environment.

One or Two continuing effects of slavery on our culture Essay

One or Two continuing effects of slavery on our culture - Essay Example The objective of this paper is to discern the nature of the damage and destruction, the particular institutions, persons, practices and policies that contributed to the lingering effects of slavery. The degree of the harm and its continuing effects is broad and includes most, if not all, of American society and its government. Just as white Americans have benefited from education, life experiences, and wealth that were handed down to them by their ancestors, so too have African Americans been harmed by the institution of slavery. The fruits of their labor were stolen from them; their African culture, heritage, family, language and religion were denied from them; their self-identity and self-worth were destroyed by repression and hatred. Sociologist Glenn C. Loury noted that "The severity of slavery's injury is far more profound than any cash transfer will be able to reverse." Furthermore, Loury has written of the immense task of how "teasing out underlying implications across the centuries of procedural violations" is difficult. Giving "compensation for identifiable historical wrongs" for specific individual actions may be possible; a procedural account "cannot possibly work for broad social violations..." Throughout the Americas, work impos... Giving "compensation for identifiable historical wrongs" for specific individual actions may be possible; a procedural account "cannot possibly work for broad social violations..." Throughout the Americas, work imposed as punishment for entire groups and generations of peoples were nearly all of their waking hours in furnishing the conveniences, caprices and luxuries of a diverse metropolitan (Paupp, 2003). The new urban poverty housed so many African-Americans who are still locked in segregated areas that are less favorable to employment and employment preparation than other areas of the city, where weak formal employment networks lead toward greater social isolation and exclusion, there exist a corresponding decline and reduction in their chances for acquiring human capital skill and adequate educational training. Most urban and labor economists learned the fact that employment in manufacturing has diminished in central cities, particularly in the Northeast and Midwest. Strong connection of poverty and unemployment is the major significance of this trend for African-Americans. The federal government withholds mortgage capital and makes it hard for urban areas to retain or attract families able to purchase their own home, manipulates market incentives which draws middle-class whites into the suburbs and, in effect, trapping blacks in the inner cities. Some government policies are also causal factors in the height of unemployment rate in the inner cities and other underlying areas, directly and indirectly. The distinction from central business districts, the uprooting of many black communities by urban renewal and forced migration, the displacement of many poor people from their homes to accommodate highway

Social Aspects of Nation Building in Myanmar Essay

Social Aspects of Nation Building in Myanmar - Essay Example The weekly schedule will be carried out as follows:   According to Reid1 nation building and state, nationalism is of greater importance after the end of colonial rule. The Anti-Fascist People’s Freedom League (AFPFL) took power in 1948 as an alliance of several factions.2 It was formed with an aim of ending colonial rule (Hlaing 2008)   The introduction of socialism created a socialist economy in which capitalist enrichment and exploitation of the underprivileged was impossible.3 Socialism would, in this case, enhance national unity (Steinberg 1982)   Myanmar was founded as a secular state but Buddhism came to play an important role in nation building after 1948 (Smith 1965). Nu the first Prime minister encouraged the appeal of Buddhism as a unifying national ideology.4   In 1962, Ne Win staged a coup d’à ©tat and took over power. The military considered the takeover necessary since the Union Government â€Å"†¦represented the interests of feudal elements; exploiting landlords; national and foreign capitalists; bureaucrats†¦Ã¢â‚¬ 5 The military, therefore, took over governance with an intention to restore unity and equality among the people. Nash, Manning. â€Å"Buddhist Revitalisation in the Nation State: The Burmese Experience.† In Religion and Change in Contemporary Asia, edited by Robert F.Spencer.

Recruitment, selection and deployment of human resources Case Study - 1

Recruitment, selection and deployment of human resources - Case Study Example ndards for each factor in order to determine the status of performance of employee; establish and identify the misconducts at work; include all possible performance dimensions and all possible rating criteria to judge employees critically; and add an additional column that addresses the performance improvements criteria and factors among employees. Yes, it is adequate and acceptable to modify current rating form in stores as per stores requirements and emerging needs. Many stores may experience higher absenteeism rate, turnover rate, or expenses higher than average. Therefore, it becomes necessary for the betterment of these stores to modify evaluation system and change ratings to motivate employees to perform better and meet organization needs. A store coping with adverse situations might have to implement stringent rating system to identify the true status of employees’ performance and where the company lacks. The applicable performance dimensions in this particular case may include performance; attitude; cooperation; absents; overtime; initiative; customer service; communication skills; knowledge about work; teamwork; time management; ability to cope with pressure and stress; and dedication at work (Grace, 2012). The adequate performance measurement criteria include quantitative and qualitative measurement techniques to appraise employees’ performance. In this regard, customers’ feedback for a particular employee should also be taken as a positive remark in measuring the employees’

Sex, love and romance research paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Sex, love and romance research paper - Essay Example LeAnn Rimes makes her first assertion here. In the slew of â€Å"unsuitable† dates who turn up - the â€Å"cell-phone junkie†; the Emo youth, complete with black flowers; an impressionable-looking, eager young man – Rimes shows her viewers, her fans the implausibility of finding true love by searching for it in such an obvious manner. Online dating is most definitely not the way to go, according to the song, if you are looking for the â€Å"butterflies†. One might as well dream about dating their teddy bears. The teddy bear also assumes a symbolic role here. To the archetypal lonely girl and/or woman, her teddy bear becomes a symbol of the security and warmth of a relationship. She wants her man to be as considerate, gentle, funny and thoughtful as her teddy bear would be, were he a real man. This video shows this quite plainly in the form of the girl’s dream of her date with the bear who makes her laugh, makes her feel desired, who is in short, The Perfect Gentleman. Research on romantic love and its construction reveals that heterosexual love, which is the only mode of sexuality touched upon in this song, is heavily â€Å"scripted†. Romance novels go a long way in strengthening these already established theories about love: According to publishers surveys, romance novels are read by almost 40 million American women. They account for 56 percent of mass-market paperback sales in the United States. More than 2,200 new titles are published every year. Romance novels aimed specifically at adolescents have been sold through school book clubs since about 1980, gaining in popularity every year. Although most romance novels are published in the United States, England and Canada, their readership is global (Puri, 1997). (Sex, Love and Romance, p. 265) The basic moral that runs through a typical romance novel is no matter how hard a man is from the outside, inside

Business Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Business Management - Essay Example Defined as all the man-made or man-modified physical structures that include buildings, space and products, infrastructure of communities, built environment encompasses homes, schools, roads, fixtures, parks, cities, and everything else touched he has touched (Cohen, 2005). Presently, the built environment addresses various divisions, from art and design, architecture and interior architecture, construction management, and urban and regional planning. Art and design, although minuscule and seemingly irrelevant in scale, have intermarried with architecture and urban planning never to part again as aesthetics no longer are limited to association with the age-old Renaissance. Urban planners and engineers work closely with architects, constructors, contractors, and designers and the built industry grows into a nature-friendly aspect of human enterprise. "Competing for the Future" presents considerable forward-thinking strategies for companies as they are challenged maintaining present status which are compared to mere running in place and threatened with global competitors (Mizrach, 1997). The book invokes management and employees to work together to innovate and foresee what may be given to consumers that would amaze and satisfy. Globalisation at that time already poked its threat to established multinational companies, when dot.com bubble was about to break, the book better-advised the senior and junior managements to have second thoughts. "instead of doing a lot of market research, we refine our thinking on a product and its use and try to create a market for it by educating and communicating with the public... our emphasis has always been to create something out of nothing," Hamel and Pralahad (1994, p.109) wrote. It suggested that senior management team must set aside a time of about 50 percent over a period of months in order to "develop a prescient and distinctive point of view about the future" and this may apply well to built industries, as earlier problems did not seem as complicated as they are right now. "Unlearning" was a keyword so that it meant there is a close scrutiny of the past, interlinked with market share opportunities and creation of core competencies transcending business units (Hamel and Pralahad, 1994). The book also encourages coalition, which has become inevitable now as an industry alone could no hardly address a single issue facing built environment. Speed, as the book have claimed, is important "in the battle for the future" but not necessarily in the future anymore. There are considerable pressures today invokes speed as an element to answer problems within the built industry as "Whole industries become vulnerable to new rules when all the incumbents accept, more or less, the same industry conventions," (Hamel and Pralahad, 1994). Industries were challenged not only to address genuine profit crisis but encouraged to create "quasi-crisis in advance" so that pointing out of the difference of achievement is considered by both a s pass, allowing for evolving competencies. One that hits the built industry bulls-eye is the book's claim that "A strategic architecture is the essential link between today and tomorrow, between short term and longer,' as urban planners now scamper to detail out solutions for the urban dilemma. More so, "Every company should

WELLS FARGO Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

WELLS FARGO - Essay Example It will be important to carry out a situational analysis of the Wells Fargo (2011), as well as the market and specific issues that will be the part of address of the Wells Fargo (2011)’s campaign. The company will create PPR by including different imperative messages that will represent the Wells Fargo (2011)’s positioning strategy in detail in its marketing plan. The publics will include customers, consumers, employees, suppliers, investors, auditors, press, print media, businesses, and financial analysts in the campaign that will do more than only marketing. It is very significant that PR campaign should have a prioritized list of abovementioned publics of the Wells Fargo (2011) It is very important for every PR campaign to influence company’s authorities to accept, trust, and belief, and to spread this quality and values of Wells Fargo (2011), it will be efficient to come up with a list of spokespersons on different issues. This will allow Wells Fargo (2011) to relate effectively with its publics, such as corporate culture, and different services that have been causing hurdles for the company along with expression of objectives and values of the Wells Fargo (2011) that will provide awareness to the publics, and at the same time, ensure alteration of negative exposure into a positive

Global Warming The cause of human activity Essay

Global Warming The cause of human activity - Essay Example And he was right. This effect is reached due to some atmospheric gases of secondary importance for example, water evaporations and carbonic gas. They leak visible and "near" infrared light, emitted by the sun, but absorb the "far" infrared radiation with lower frequency formed at heating of the earth surface by solar beams. If it did not occur, the Earth would be approximately 30 degrees colder, than now, and life on it would practically stop. ("Global Warming") Recognizing that a "natural" hothouse effect is the settled, balanced process, it is quite logical to assume, that the increase of concentration of "hothouse" gases in an atmosphere should result in strengthening of a hothouse effect which in turn will result in global warming of a climate. Amount of 2 in atmosphere steadily grows for more than century because various kinds of fossil fuel (coal and petroleum) began to be applied widely as a source of energy. Besides as a result of human activity other hothouse gases, for example methane, nitrous oxide, and a lot of chlorine-containing substances also get in an atmosphere. In spite of the fact that they are made in smaller volumes, some of these gases are more dangerous than carbonic gas from the point of view of global warming. ("Global Warming") Now many scientists believe that additional proofs of man's fault in global warming... ("Global Warming") Now many scientists believe that additional proofs of man's fault in global warming will be found out, moreover, human activity is the dominant factor in this process. Nevertheless global warming are caused also by not dependent on people reasons. For example, amplification of solar radiation and sulphatic sparks or aerosols ejected at volcanic eruptions. These emissions on the one hand may create a hothouse effect, and on the other hand they may cool an atmosphere as they reflect sunlight. Influence of human activity is connected, first of all, with the emission of the used industrial gases such as carbonic, holding warm in an atmosphere and the same sulphatic aerosols of industrial, not natural origin. The complex of industrial aerosols and hothouse gases also creates new climatic model. This popular idea in the scientific environment resulted in that scientists now are inclined to evaluate the influence of the person on the climate more critically. Earlier, the warming of a climat e in 20-th century was considered to be mostly caused by the natural reasons not by the activisation of human activity. The group of researchers led by Simon Tatt found out that the increase of average temperature in the beginning of 20-th century could be explained by the increase of solar activity, or a combination of this factor with growth of emission of industrial gases in an atmosphere. But, since the middle of 70th years that is after almost 50-years of temperature rising, the industrial gases creating a hothouse effect are more and more considered to be a principal cause of warming. Many other researchers also came to the same conclusion "Researches of Simon Tatt's group have

Researching how to conduct a profitable online business Essay

Researching how to conduct a profitable online business - Essay Example Numerous studies have indicated that the power of internet shopping rests in the immediacy, 24-hour availability, and depth of product information available as consumers are able to search for information with near-zero cost since information is only 'a click away.' Further, unlike traditional retail products, the internet poses no constraints on the amount of information that may be provided. There are no shelf-space limitations, and consumers can access more information as long as they are willing to scroll down, or select another web page. Information-based decision aids are key consumer-based tools that facilitate broad search, controlled by the user, at reduced cost and with greater accuracy. Much of these functionalities are provided by means of online shopping decision aids (e.g., bargain list, best of list, comparison matrix, consumer reviews, gift reminder, live chat help, personalised recommendations, recommendation agent, related item list, sponsored chat forum, wish list, etc.), which are electronic attributes of an internet retailer website that significantly enhance the consumer's shopping experience and help them make purchasing decisions. Despite the growing popularity of decision aids with consumers, little is known about how they create value for the Internet retailer. It is unclear, however, just how decision aids contribute to the bottom line in helping consumers make purchasing decisions. By examining the decision aids currently used, this project aims to design and develop an application, which could simulate the value/appropriateness of each proposed online shopping decision aids (i.e., from several perspectives such as bookstore, food retailing and travel industry). In this regard, the dissertation poses several questions. It will help clarify the intended purpose of the decision aids by answering some of the following research questions; should Internet retailers employ one or more decisions aids Could the optimum number of decision aid s to be used be determined Could the optimum combination of decision aids be mapped out). The application should also provide some new insights for Website design, IT spending, and overall business strategy. These theories have then been tied up theories and management tools like knowledge management so as to render credibility to the studies and to demonstrate the nexus between application and technology for the successful codification of information. This codification of information will further the cause of successful business activities in the online arena. Introduction The world has shrunk to a small speck called E-commerce, where it is now possible to exchange goods and money in the form of normal transactions. Shopping on the Internet or online shopping as it is more popularly known is that form of shopping that has almost emptied shopping malls in various parts of the world. For success in this kind

Unconscious mind Essay Example for Free

Unconscious mind Essay ?The pioneer I chose to elaborate on is Carl Gustav Jung, his views and research tactics have contributed to today’s understanding of psychology and expanded our knowledge on several different aspects and elements of psychology. Jung is best known for his development of archetypes, studies of the human psyche, the dream analysis and the collective unconscious. Carl Jung was born July 26, 1875, in Kesswil, Switzerland; he passed away on June 6, 1961 in Zurich. Originally Carl studied medicine, but also developed an interest in spiritual phenomena. This fascination with medicine and spirituality led him into the field of psychiatry. In 1902, he graduated from the University of Basel with a medical degree. Jung worked with psychiatric patients at the University of Zurich asylum. In 1906, he wrote Studies in Word Association and sent a copy to Sigmund Freud. The two became friends. His time spent working with Sigmund Freud had a major impact on Jung’s later theories and helped him develop a fascination for the unconscious mind. Jung wanted to further understanding of the human mind through dreams, myth, art and philosophy. Jung began to separate from Freudian theory, rejecting Freuds emphasis on sex as the sole source of behavior motivation. It was during this period of intense self-analysis that Jung became increasingly interested in dreams and symbols, later using what he learned during this time as the basis for his theories of psychology. Jung became more organized about his theoretical approach, broke from psychodynamic theories and formed his own theory called Analytical Psychology. Jungs colleagues in the psychoanalytic community turned against him due to parting from Freud. Carl devoted himself to exploring his own subconscious. He recorded his experience in a previously unpublished book known at The Red Book and continued to write and illustrate the book over the next fifteen years, the book became published in 2009. Jung believed the human psyche exists in three parts: the ego (the conscious mind), the personal unconscious and the collective unconscious. Jung believed the collective unconscious was a reservoir of all the experience and knowledge of the human species. Jung also believed that the process of individuation was essential in order for a person to become whole and fully developed as a human being. Individuation is a process in which the various parts of a person, including the conscious and unconscious, become completely integrated so that the individual becomes his or her true self. In general, it is the process by which individual beings are formed and differentiated from others. While Jungian theory has numerous critics, Carl Jungs work left a notable impact on psychology. His concepts of introversion and extraversion have contributed to personality psychology and also influenced psychotherapy. His advice to a patient suffering from alcoholism led to the formation of Alcoholics Anonymous, which has helped millions of people suffering from alcohol dependence. According to Jung, dreams are a way of communicating and acquainting yourself with the unconscious. Dreams are not attempts to conceal your true feelings from the waking mind, but rather they are a window to your unconscious. They serve to guide the waking self to achieve wholeness and offer a solution to a problem you are facing in your waking life. Jung views the ego as your sense of self and how you portray yourself to the world. Part of Jungs theory is that all things can be viewed as paired opposites: good/evil, male/female, or love/hate. So working in opposition to the ego, is the counter ego or what he refers to as the shadow. The shadow represents the rejected aspects of yourself that you do not wish to acknowledge. The shadow is more primitive, somewhat uncultured, and a little awkward. http://www. dreaminterpretation-dictionary. com/carl-jung-theory. html Archetypes constitute the structure of the collective unconscious they are psychic innate dispositions to experience and represent basic human behavior and situations. Thus mother-child relationship is governed by the mother archetype. Father-child by the father archetype. Birth, death, power and failure are controlled by archetypes. The religious and mystique experiences are also governed by archetypes. The most important of all is the Self, which is the archetype of the Center of the psychic person, his/her totality or wholeness. The Center is made of the unity of conscious and unconscious reached through the individuation process. Archetypes manifest themselves through archetypal images (in all the cultures and religious doctrines), in dreams and visions. Therefore a great deal of Jungian interest in psyche focuses on dreams and symbols interpretation in order to discover the compensation induced by archetypes as marks of psyche transformation. The collective unconscious is an universal datum, that is, every human being is endowed with this psychic archetype-layer since his/her birth. One can not acquire this strata by education or other conscious effort because it is innate. We may also describe it as a universal library of human knowledge, or the sage in man, the very transcendental wisdom that guides mankind. Jung stated that the religious experience must be linked with the experience of the archetypes of the collective unconscious. Thus, God himself is lived like a psychic experience of the path that leads one to the realization of his/her psychic wholeness. http://www. carl-jung. net/archetypes. html http://www. carl-jung. net/index. html.

Development of Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) Sensor

Development of Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) Sensor INTRODUCTION CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION The physical processes involved in surface plasmon resonance (SPR) phenomena were first reported by R.M. Wood in 1902 [1]. In this work, Wood observed a repeated pattern of dark and bright light bands in the reflected light, when he irradiated polarized light on a mirror with a diffraction grating on its surface. The physical interpretation of SPR mechanism was first initiated by the British physicist Lord Rayleigh [2], and further refined by Fano [3], but its satisfactory explanation was not available until 1968, when Otto [4] and in the same year Kretschmann and Raether [5] reported the excitation of surface plasmons on the metal/dielectric interface. Its first use in a real-time analysis of a biological system was demonstrated in 1990s by Karlsson et al. [6]. Since then, The SPR has become a crucial optical sensing technique in the areas of biology, microbiology, biochemistry, and medical sciences because of its noninvasive nature [7]. The commercially available SPR based devices are not so cost-effective and require consumable sensor chips demanding certain specifications of size, thickness, effective sensing area and so on. For example, The Biacore (acquired by General Electric Healthcare in 2006), a life science products company, are providing a variety of models of SPR-based instruments (a typical cost of $120,000–$250,000) that exhibit compatibility only with expensive Biacore accessories. Moreover, the associated high operational cost inhibits introduction of SPR technique into laboratory classes at the undergraduate or postgraduate level. In addition to that, the commercial SPR instrument is not a good teaching tool because all the components, of the apparatus, are enclosed, thus preventing the students from visualizing the details of the SPR instrumentation. The primary motivation behind the present project work is to develop a low-cost SPR based multipurpose optical sensor especially intended for undergraduate and postgraduate education and Research. The proposed homemade SPR sensor is supposed to be cost-effective, and whose all components would be accessible for visualization and manipulations in future. The presented design not only allows its integration with various other mechanical and electronic add-ons, but also could prove to be an ingenious teaching tool for the students to understand and appreciate the modern instrumentation. In addition, once developed, this instrument could also serve the Research purposes of general chemistry, biochemistry, physical chemistry, Nanotechnology and Material Sciences. For this purpose it was necessary to arrange low cost experimental components but keeping in mind that these components work well to satisfy our purpose. It took a long time first to decide the components, and then taking overviews from various places regarding the type of component available and the price of that particular component. After comparing and analyzing the need and price of whole set-up the components were arranged from different market places. After arranging the components it was necessary to prepare the experimental set-up in a well mannered way to fulfill our purposes. Again it took a long time to arrange them in a dark room (as we were working on light and its intensity measurement) as to get a well observable result. The most difficult and time consuming task was to produce a thin metallic film on the glass slide of a specific thickness to get a better result. Metallic film was of gold and the coating unit was a magnetron sputtering gold coater available in the department of the institute. Initially it was a difficult task to coat the glass slide of specific thickness, for which we coated various glass slides with different thicknesses using variable coating time of the coater. Then we did the experiments with that thickness but didn’t get the results. Then glass slides were again coated to increase the gold film thickness. This process was repeated various times and at last we were succeeded to produce the res ults from the glass slides of different thicknesses. In this dissertation work, we first introduce the principle of Surface Plasmon Resonance and other associated phenomena. Following the introduction part, we describe some literature reviews in next section of report. We further describe the details of the crucial components that would be used in the development of SPR based Sensor or can be termed as the Experimental Set-up for the Surface Plasmon Resonance phenomenon. The very next section contains the soul of the whole report or the Results, mentioned as results and discussion. We finally conclude the report by enumerating the work done so far, the future course of work followed by the References that have been used for the literature survey. SURFACE PLASMON RESONANCE- Principle: SURFACE PLASMON RESONANCE(SPR): The resonant oscillation of conduction electrons, at the interface between a metal and dielectric, stimulated at the optical frequencies is called the SURFACE PLASMON RESONANCE (SPR). This  resonance  condition is satisfied once the incident  photon frequency matches with the natural frequency of surface electrons, which are oscillating under the action of restoring force of positive nuclei of the metallic atoms. The resonance phenomena has been shown to have many applications such as in Gas detection and immune-sensing [8,9], efficiency enhancement of Solar Cells [10], and Magneto-Optical based imaging etc. [11,12]. Figure 1 shows a typical surface Plasmon resonance set-up which consists of a light source, prism, gold film, and a detector. Figure 1: Schematic diagram of a surface Plasmon resonance set-up. Here n1 and n2 show the refractive indexes of prism and air respectively. SURFACE PLASMON POLARITONS (SPP) wave -The surface  electromagnetic waves, propagating along the  metal/dielectric  or metal/vacuum interface, is known as SURFACE PLASMON POLARITONS (SPP) wave. As the SPP wave is propagating along the boundary of the metal and the external medium (air or dielectric), the aforesaid resonant oscillations become extremely sensitive to any change occurring at the boundary, for instance the adsorption of molecules to the metal surface or change in refractive index at the metal-dielectric surface. Thus the sensitivity associated with metal – dielectric interface can be exploited to obtain a non-destructive and cost effective multipurpose sensor for detection of Chemical and Biological species. According to different literature [9,12], the sensing properties has been quite useful for monitoring food quality, safety analysis, medical diagnostics and environmental changes etc. A typical SPR sensor consists of a dispersive element, such as prism or a plane reflection grating, coated with a metallic layer (Gold) and a dielectric layer (usually polymers or bio molecule layers). The Kretschmann configuration, as shown in Figure 2, is often used in most of the SPR sensor applications, where a metal (typically silver or gold) film is placed at the interface of two dielectric media. The medium 1 with higher refractive index (n1) is a prism and the medium 2 with lower refractive index (n2) can be the air or the dielectric of interest. A collimated p-polarized light beam, entering from the glass side undergoes a total internal reflection and interacts with the metallic layer at the critical angel of incidence (as shown in Figure 2). The surface plasmons (SP), at the metallic surface, are excited at the resonance optical frequency resulting in absorption of a part of incident light energy and hence leading to a sudden drop in Reflectance at a specific angle à ¯Ã‚   ±0 adjacent to the critical angle à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ±C. The resonance condition of the SPs is sensitive to any change in the refractive index of the metal-dielectric interface and leads to shift of à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ±0 to a new angle à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ±1 (Figure 2). The change in the intensity of reflected or diffracted light or its wavelength or angular spectrum can be monitored using a charge coupled device arrays or photodiode arrays, for different sensing purposes [13-16]. Figure 2: Diagram representing the Surface Plasmon Resonance mechanism. TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION AND EVANESCENT WAVES: When the light travels from the higher refractive index medium 1 (glass) to the lower refractive index medium 2 (air or dielectric), the total internal reflection (TIR) takes place within medium 1 for the incident angles ÃŽ ¸ greater than the critical angle ÃŽ ¸C, satisfying the Snell’s relation Sin (ÃŽ ¸C) = n2/n1. The Evanescent waves, a near-field wave, are produced in the lower refractive index medium 2 (air or dielectric) under the TIR condition. As the meaning of Evanescent is tending to vanish, the amplitude of evanescent waves decays exponentially with the distance from the point of incidence, to the interface of the media 1 and 2. When a nonmagnetic gold film with a suitable thickness is sandwiched between the media 1 and 2, the amplitude of evanescent wave is enhanced, penetrating in the gold film and also existing simultaneously in the medium 2. Using the well known Fresnel’s relations, magnitude of the parallel wave vector of the evanescent wave, , is expres sed as; (1) where ÃŽ » is the wavelength of the incident light, n1 is the refractive index of the higher refractive index medium 1, and ÃŽ ¸ is the angle of incidence. Figure 3: Schematic diagram showing a layer system of surface Plasmon resonance where kevan and ksp are wave vectors given in equations. SURFACE PLASMONS: Surface plasmons (quanta of plasma), are the surface electromagnetic wave travelling along the limited region of metal–dielectric interface. The magnitude of the wave vector of the surface plasmon is connected to the dielectric constants of medium 2 (n2) and the gold film (ng). For most of the non absorbing materials, the magnetic permeability is very close to unity at optical frequencies. Hence, the dielectric constant for such materials becomes equal to the square of the refractive index i.e. ÃŽ µ = n2. Here ÃŽ µ is the dielectric constant and n is the refractive index. As a result, can be obtained from n2 and ng using the following relation; (2) where n2 is the refractive index of medium 2 adjacent to the interface and ng is the refractive index of the gold film. SURFACE PLASMON RESONANCE: In presence of the evanescent wave, the surface plasmon can be excited leading to the phenomenon of surface plasmon resonance (SPR). In this situation, the intensity of the reflected light, from the metal-dielectric interface, decreases abruptly (as shown in Figure 1). In this process the energy of evanescent wave is conserved and the energy of the excited surface plasmon is coupled to phonons or photons generation at the interface. Hence, the energy conservation requires that equals to . Thus, using eqs 1 and 2 the angle , at which SPR occurs, can be determined by below relation, (3) Here, the incident angle at which the minimum reflectivity is observed is called the SPR angle. The angle has been found to be slightly larger than the critical angle . It is clear from above expression that the angle is linked to n2 if n1 and ng are kept fixed. Hence, even a slight change in the refractive index of interfacial region is reflected in a significant change in the angle . For instance, the phenomena of adsorption and desorption of any gas, on the gold surface, changes the refractive index of media 2 near the metal–dielectric interface leading to change in the . Therefore, the monitoring the change in the angle can be used, as a technique, to study and analyze the adsorption– desorption or association–dissociation phenomena taking place on the gold surface. The refractive index, in the interfacial regime, changes with the mass and density of foreign species attached to the gold film surface. As a consequence, monitoring the change in the SPR angl e provides information about mass and density change on the gold surface, effectively within 200 nm from a metal surface. As mentioned above the surface Plasmon resonance will occur when, Also from the above discussion we know that the is a function of three parameters. The wavelength of incident light. The refractive index of medium 1 or glass prism. Angle of incidence of the incident light falling on the metal-dielectric junction. And also is a function of three parameters, The wavelength of incident light. The refractive index of metallic thin film. The refractive index of the second medium or the air. So we get five different parameters which can be used as varying parameters to get the optimum condition of Surface Plasmon Resonance which are, The wavelength of incident light, The refractive index of medium 1, The refractive index of medium 2, The refractive index of metallic film, and The angle of incidence of incident light. In wavelength interrogation Surface Plasmon Resonance device, wavelength of incident light is varied whereas the other parameters including incident angle, refractive indexes of medium 1, medium 2 and medium 3 are kept constant during the whole experiment. In this case there is a variation in the intensity of reflected light with variation in wavelength of incident light as shown in figure 4. Figure 4: Shows relationship between absorbance of reflected light and the wavelength of incident light. In angle interrogation Surface Plasmon Resonance device, incident angle of light is varied whereas the other parameters including wavelength of incident light, refractive indexes of medium 1, medium 2 and medium 3 are kept constant during the whole experiment. In this case there is a variation in the intensity of reflected light with variation in angle of incident light as shown in figure 5. Figure 5: Diagram indicating the relationship between intensity of reflected light and incident angle. The other type of interrogation device is refractive index interrogation Surface Plasmon Resonance device in which refractive index of any medium is varied which is a tough task and that is why used in very rare cases. Other parameters are kept constant in this type of interrogation system including wavelength of incident light as well as the incident angle of the light. In this case there is a variation in the intensity of reflected light with variation in refractive index of the medium taken in consideration as shown in figure 6. The one other and most complicated interrogation system is phase interrogation Surface Plasmon resonance device in which phase of the reflected light provides the information about the metal dielectric interface. Very less work has been done in this field and is a good topic to work on in future as angle dependent reflectance measurement and other methods discussed above are limited for detecting low weight molecules on the metal dielectric surface. Figure 6: shows relationship between intensity of reflected light and refractive index of the medium with three different gold film thicknesses. Now refractive indexes of medium 1(glass), medium 2(air) and the gold metallic thin film cannot be varied simply during a running experiment. So we have only two parameters which can be used as variable parameters, the wavelength of the incident light and the angle of incidence of that light falling on the set-up. In our work, we have used the later one for our purpose which is angle of incidence of the incident light on the metal dielectric interface, and making the wavelength of the incident light constant near about 650 nm which means we have used a red laser as a source of the light for our experimental set-up. Angle of incidence can be varied either be rotating the light source around the prism or by rotating the prism on its axis and making light source stationary. We are rotating the prism which is mounted on a rotational prism table to vary angle of incidence.

Case Study: Application Architecture

Case Study: Application Architecture Brian Jerozal   For any given organization, it is vitally important to always ensure that the payroll system is designed in such a way that overall effectiveness in enhanced. Traditionally, payroll systems were not quite complicated since employees were more or less few in number. However, the modern-day payroll systems have to take into consideration numerous aspects such as insurance cover, house allowances, bonuses, advance payments and the like. In addition to this, the world has experienced tremendous innovations in terms of cutting-edge technological advancements; these technological innovations have enabled organizations to streamline their payroll systems and thus enhance the standards of effectiveness. For this case study, a comprehensive analysis of the payroll system of a leading American firm will be done. Emphasis will be made upon the specific type of architecture that should be used while establishing the new payroll system for the organization. The various technological platforms tha t shall be integrated into the new payroll system will also be documented while also presenting a graphical illustration of the new model. In addition to this, a comprehensive analysis of possible issues of ethical concern with regard to the new payroll system shall also be conducted. Considering the fact that this organization has a wide area network that interlinks the numerous offices in different parts of the United States of America, it is of paramount importance that the new payroll application system be based on a solid architectural framework. Such an architectural framework must consider all-important factors such as the avoidance of errors, synthesis of data contained in inventories, evaluation of allowances, and integration of the prevailing rates of income tax. Following is an analysis of the specific components of the architecture for the new payroll system. As mentioned above, the payroll system of such a large organization should be based on a solid framework that considers all-important factors. Firstly, the architectural framework must have the capacity to evaluate the fine details pertaining to the payment of employees. The number of hours of work done by individual employees should be included in the new architectural framework; this is one of the most critical aspects of any kind of payroll system (Bragg, 2004). The hours vary from one employee to another and as such, this results into pay variations even among employees who are categorized in the same job group. Apart from the number of hours, another important variable that must be included in the architectural framework for the new payroll program is the prevailing rates of tax or revenue deductions. On an annual basis, the Federal Government of United States of America reviews the rates of income tax in accordance with the specific budgetary projections. These rates must be ta ken into consideration while calculating the total pay of all employees and as such, the new architectural framework should have the same (Steinhoff, 2000). Another important variable that should be included in the design of the new payroll system is the labor data; the nature of work done within an organization varies from one employee to another. This results into pay variations and as such, it must be included in the design of the new payroll system. The employee master file is another crucial aspect that must be taken into consideration while designing the new payroll system; the master file provides all the fine details about the employee including pending bonuses, increments and other miscellaneous information. Apart from the employee details, the architectural system of the new payroll program shall also include the relevant platforms for making precise calculations. Some organizations incur huge expenses every now and then as a result of using payroll systems that are characterized by substandard levels of accuracy. In order to avoid such eventualities, the new payroll system should be carefully designed in such a way that high l evels of accuracy are attained while performing calculations. Finally, the architectural design should also have the capacity to provide an updated payroll without any kind of delay; this will go a very long way towards helping the organization avert unnecessary instances of time wastage (Bragg, 2004). As already mentioned in the introductory section of this paper, the extensive advancements in technology have made it possible to streamline the payroll systems in all kinds of organizations. In order to successfully implement the architectural system for the new payroll system as outlined above, it is of paramount importance to examine some of the most important technological components that shall be used. Firstly, internet connection will serve as an important element from a technological point of view. This is because the organization has offices in different parts of the United States of America and as such, reliable connection is required (Steinhoff, 2000). Considering the expans ive nature of United States landmass, it would be critically important to back-up the wide area network connection with high-speed fourth generation internet connectivity. In order to enhance the security of the data transfer from one office to another, unique internet protocol addresses must be used. All the IP addresses must be encrypted in accordance with the specifications provided by the main server in order to streamline communications while also enhancing the standards of security. Apart from internet connection, another important technological platform that must be integrated into the architectural framework of the new payroll system of the organization is the use of quality software applications (Bragg, 2004). There are numerous payroll software applications available in the United States and global market; however, this fact notwithstanding, some are characterized by fundamental flaws such as the lack of accuracy and susceptibility to cyber-crime. One of the most effective payroll software for corporate organizations is the Dynamics GP. Produced by Microsoft Corporation, this software has the capacity to streamline the payroll systems within the organization since it has high levels of accuracy and also saves time. TRAVERSE by Open Systems is another software application that might come in very handy for the payroll system of this organization since it is characterized by high levels of effectiveness (Boroughs, 2008). Despite the fact that the new architecture for the payroll application in this organization would be characterized by high levels of efficiency, it is critically important to pinpoint the fact that there are several potential issues of ethical concern that might characterize its implementation (Boroughs, 2008). For instance, the new application might contribute immensely towards the infringement of fundamental rights of the employees because of being too dependent on detail. The potential ethical issue can arise in the connection with the new architecture for example reduced jobs,if the company uses the architecture method for the new payroll, then the employee might no longer be essential. Usually, the company has a department where it looks at the payroll of the employee, but with this system, most of the job will be done and handled by the computer. Fraud is another concern, the employee who knows about computer and networking can easily manipulate the information like changing th e time sheet. Hacking is one of the most common problems in todays world. No matter how secure the company system is, there are people who can back the system company. Putting their information in the web can be hacked and the information can be used against them. In addition to this, the fact that the computer systems of the organization are connected with one another might result into the disclosure of the payroll details of employees to unwanted parties.   Ã‚   References Boroughs, A., Hunter, I., Palmer, L. (2008). HR Transformation Technology: Delivering Systems to Support the New HR Model. New York, NY: Routledge. Bragg, S. M., Bragg, S. M. (2004a). Creating a Payroll System. In Accounting for Payroll: A Comprehensive Guide (pp. 3-15). John Wiley Sons, Inc. Bragg, S. M. (2004b). Setting Up the Payroll Department. In Accounting for Payroll: A Comprehensive Guide (pp. 251-258). John Wiley Sons, Inc. Steinhoff, J. C. (2000). Human Resources and Payroll Systems Requirements (United States, Government Accountability Office). Retrieved from www.gao.gov/special.pubs/ai002123.pdf

Excel Spreadsheet Use and the Strategic Corporate Plan :: essays papers

Excel Spreadsheet Use and the Strategic Corporate Plan Introduction In years past, every well-run corporation undoubtedly had a written business plan. Oftentimes, these plans were considered by many to be an exercise in frustration, as they were laboriously considered, written, then stored on the company's library shelf until the next business planning cycle. The last few decades have seen a radical change in the way companies do their planning. More often than not, the "old" business plan - though still produced and of value in its own right - is given less attention than the newer Strategic Plan. Unlike the Business Plan, which tends to be a very short document, the Strategic Plan is likely to be much more substantial and detailed. The Business Plan provides the foundation and framework for the Strategic Plan.1 Senior business managers are often so occupied with immediate issues that they can easily lose site of the long-term objectives of the business - objectives upon which the business can thrive if attained or fail completely if not. Because of this, a Strategic Plan today is a virtual necessity. Most managers tend to see the Strategic Plan as a 'living' document; one that, with careful foresight, consideration and development is written at the start of a business planning period, then reworked as circumstances within the company and business climate change throughout the planning period.2 The writing and preparation of a Strategic Plan is an important effort, demonstrating that careful consideration has been given to the business's development; however, the ultimate goal of the Strategic Plan is its own realization. With the advent of the personal computer and spreadsheet development, the Strategic Planning process today is made easier with the many current spreadsheet programs available to aid in the Plan' A Short History of the Spreadsheet. The term "spread sheet" (nowadays "spreadsheet) has a long history, beginning with the non-computerized version, a reference to which was made in accounting books from the early 1950's to describe a worksheet providing a two-way analysis of accounting data (i.e. an accounting matrix in which the columns and rows constitute either debit and credit sides)3 In thinking about the history of the spreadsheet, two important men stand out. In the early 1960s, Richard Mattessich of the University of California at Berkeley pioneered computerized spread sheets for business accounting. As the forerunners of today's spreadsheet programs for PC's such as Lotus 1-2-3, Excel, etc., these spread sheets contained use of matrices, (budget) simulation, and, most important, the calculation to support each matrix cell."4 Although Mattessich's work was mentioned in economic and computer literature as well

The Waterfall :: Place Essay, Description Essaay

Visiting a waterfall, especially on a hot sultry day, can be a favorite way to spend a day. You get in your car, drive for miles, then get out and walk the remainder of the way to a waterfall. Civilization has cleared and marked a pathway for you and the many thousands like you who have come to enjoy these named landmarks. Rarely do you get to enjoy the natural beauty of one by just stepping out into your own backyard. Behind my house, barely noticeable, is a trail leading through the woods to a waterfall. The trail is narrow but well worn. Any shrubbery that would have grown has been trampled down and all that is left is a very narrow path, overhung with branches from the trees that mark its sides. As I start down the trail, I begin to feel the trees closing around me until the house can no longer be seen. I follow the trail to where it stops at the creek's edge, approaching quietly so as not to disturb any of the wild creatures that has come to enjoy the cool fresh water. I gently cross over the creek using the stones, which show the wear of several previous crossing, so that I can have full view of the creek and the beauty it possesses. I can hear the rush of the water long before I see the falls. As I sit down on the big gray slate rock that has been warmed by the early morning sun, I begin to gulp in the beauty as a starving man would gulp down food. I start my usual ritual of examining the banks of the creek by gazing down the right side of it first. I notice that the wild azaleas are in full bloom and that the trees have regained all their leaves. They stand tall and majestic as if they are soldiers standing guard. My gaze travels up one of the trees to find two squirrels chattering down at me as if to say "Go away and leave us in peace." Further down starts the gentle bend that takes the remainder of the creek from my view. My gaze shifts to the left side of the bank and there lies an old oak tree that has fallen long ago. It still lies partially upon its stump so that it looks like the shape of an "L".

Unbridled Ambition in Shakespeares Macbeth Essay -- Macbeth essays

Unbridled Ambition in Macbeth      Ã‚  Ã‚   Where is there a page in William Shakespeare's tragic play Macbeth which does not present the selfish virtue of personal ambition. This paper addresses the problem of ambition in the drama.    In "Memoranda: Remarks on the Character of Lady Macbeth," Sarah Siddons mentions the ambition of Lady Macbeth and its effect:    [Re "I have given suck" (1.7.54ff.)] Even here, horrific as she is, she shews herself made by ambition, but not by nature, a perfectly savage creature. The very use of such a tender allusion in the midst of her dreadful language, persuades one unequivocally that she has really felt the maternal yearnings of a mother towards her babe, and that she considered this action the most enormous that ever required the strength of human nerves for its perpetration. Her language to Macbeth is the most potently eloquent that guilt could use.   (56)    Clark and Wright in their Introduction to The Complete Works of William Shakespeare interpret the main theme of the play as intertwining with evil and ambition:    While in Hamlet and others of Shakespeare's plays we feel that Shakespeare refined upon and brooded over his thoughts, Macbeth seems as if struck out at a heat and imagined from first to last with rapidity and power, and a subtlety of workmanship which has become instructive. The theme of the drama is the gradual ruin through yielding to evil within and evil without, of a man, who, though from the first tainted by base and ambitious thoughts, yet possessed elements in his nature of possible honor and loyalty. (792)    In "Macbeth as the Imitation of an Action" Francis Fergusson states the place of Macbeth's ambition in the action of the play: .. ...iion of Critical Essays. Alfred Harbage, ed. Englewwod Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1964.    Johnson, Samuel. The Plays of Shakespeare. N.p.: n.p.. 1765. Rpt in Shakespearean Tragedy. Bratchell, D. F. New York, NY: Routledge, 1990.    Kemble, Fanny. "Lady Macbeth." Macmillan's Magazine, 17 (February 1868), p. 354-61. Rpt. in Women Reading Shakespeare 1660-1900. Ann Thompson and Sasha Roberts, eds. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 1997.    Shakespeare, William. The Tragedy of Macbeth. http://chemicool.com/Shakespeare/macbeth/full.html, no lin.    Siddons, Sarah. "Memoranda: Remarks on the Character of Lady Macbeth." The Life of Mrs. Siddons. Thomas Campbell. London: Effingham Wilson, 1834. Rpt. in Women Reading Shakespeare 1660-1900. Ann Thompson and Sasha Roberts, eds. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 1997.    Unbridled Ambition in Shakespeare's Macbeth Essay -- Macbeth essays Unbridled Ambition in Macbeth      Ã‚  Ã‚   Where is there a page in William Shakespeare's tragic play Macbeth which does not present the selfish virtue of personal ambition. This paper addresses the problem of ambition in the drama.    In "Memoranda: Remarks on the Character of Lady Macbeth," Sarah Siddons mentions the ambition of Lady Macbeth and its effect:    [Re "I have given suck" (1.7.54ff.)] Even here, horrific as she is, she shews herself made by ambition, but not by nature, a perfectly savage creature. The very use of such a tender allusion in the midst of her dreadful language, persuades one unequivocally that she has really felt the maternal yearnings of a mother towards her babe, and that she considered this action the most enormous that ever required the strength of human nerves for its perpetration. Her language to Macbeth is the most potently eloquent that guilt could use.   (56)    Clark and Wright in their Introduction to The Complete Works of William Shakespeare interpret the main theme of the play as intertwining with evil and ambition:    While in Hamlet and others of Shakespeare's plays we feel that Shakespeare refined upon and brooded over his thoughts, Macbeth seems as if struck out at a heat and imagined from first to last with rapidity and power, and a subtlety of workmanship which has become instructive. The theme of the drama is the gradual ruin through yielding to evil within and evil without, of a man, who, though from the first tainted by base and ambitious thoughts, yet possessed elements in his nature of possible honor and loyalty. (792)    In "Macbeth as the Imitation of an Action" Francis Fergusson states the place of Macbeth's ambition in the action of the play: .. ...iion of Critical Essays. Alfred Harbage, ed. Englewwod Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1964.    Johnson, Samuel. The Plays of Shakespeare. N.p.: n.p.. 1765. Rpt in Shakespearean Tragedy. Bratchell, D. F. New York, NY: Routledge, 1990.    Kemble, Fanny. "Lady Macbeth." Macmillan's Magazine, 17 (February 1868), p. 354-61. Rpt. in Women Reading Shakespeare 1660-1900. Ann Thompson and Sasha Roberts, eds. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 1997.    Shakespeare, William. The Tragedy of Macbeth. http://chemicool.com/Shakespeare/macbeth/full.html, no lin.    Siddons, Sarah. "Memoranda: Remarks on the Character of Lady Macbeth." The Life of Mrs. Siddons. Thomas Campbell. London: Effingham Wilson, 1834. Rpt. in Women Reading Shakespeare 1660-1900. Ann Thompson and Sasha Roberts, eds. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 1997.   

Facebook Revenue Sources Essay

Facebook Revenues Up to $700 Million in 2009, On Track Towards $1.1 Billion in 2010 Facebook is tight-lipped about its revenue numbers, which is typical of private companies. The most it has said publicly is that it became â€Å"free cash-flow positive† as of last September. At the time, we estimated it was set to bring in around $550 million for the year in revenues based on previous reports that we and others had heard, and from our own calculations. But how did the year actually end? Somewhat higher. And sources estimate the company could make between $1 billion and $1.1 billion in total revenue this year. It ended 2008 making between $280 million and $300 million, according to many reports. The company’s revenues likely reached between $600 million and $700 million for 2009, according to a variety of industry sources we spoke with. The estimates match what we heard in September, which was that $550 million was looking too low – 2009 was clearly a big year for the company in terms of building its business, as we’ve been covering. The company has been roughly doubling its revenues every year — 2007 came in at $150 million. We expect that trend to continue for the foreseeable future, making Facebook a multi-billion dollar company within the next few years. The question is becoming how Facebook can hit the inflection point where its revenues increase much more quickly. Of course, it is not commenting on this story, except to provide the following statement: Facebook is a private company, and we do not publicly disclose our financial results. We understand there is a great deal of interest and curiosity in our past and potential financial performance. However, external attempts to forecast revenue are fundamentally speculative and should be treated as such. We’re focused on building our business to be successful over the long-term. 2009 Revenue How did Facebook make money last year? By growing multiple revenue sources, mostly around advertising. Here’s the revenue we estimate for each component, followed by our analysis. Note that the 2009 run-rate numbers in the table circulated went around the financial community last summer, and were publicly reported by investor-blogger Fred Wilson and Business Insider. We’ll get into the 2010 projections further down. Want more updates from Inside Facebook on Facebook revenues? Sign up here to be notified of future reports. Brand Advertising: Facebook’s internal sales force made a big push here throughout the year, building on past efforts. It made very public entreaties to advertisers with many millions in budgets, like its big presentation to Madison Avenue last year. There, it also announced a deal where Nielsen started providing better advertising data to help firms track campaign results. Facebook also continued to upgrade Pages and its home page advertising units, testing out a range of new features like engagement sampling ads. Meanwhile, the site grew to more than 350 million monthly active users at the end of 2009 from 150 million or so at the beginning of the year — that’s a lot of new eyeballs for advertisers to try to reach. Out of those users, around 100 million were in the US and another 100 million were in Europe: These two markets are where brand advertising br ings in the most money. Brand ads revenue also expanded for a couple more reasons we’ll get into below. Between what we’ve heard from sources and our estimates, we think this category increased considerably over the course of the year, from the $125 million rumor in July to roughly $225 million by the end of the year. The bigger question is if major advertisers are starting to spend more than â€Å"experimental† budgets on Facebook, and according to sources this just started to happen over the course of last year. Microsoft Advertising: Revenue in this area is not clear. Microsoft has been running banner advertising on Facebook for years, one of the perks of its which it started doing when it made a strategic investment in the company. But the two ended the international component a year early, on January 1 of 2010, instead of the same time next year. While that obviously won’t impact Facebook’s 2009 revenue, we also hear that it already took over a sizable portion of Micr osoft’s ad inventory during 2009. Meanwhile, sources familiar with the matter suggest that the July rumor about Microsoft $150 million number is half wrong, in the sense that it is gross revenue, including Microsoft’s cut. So Facebook’s would have been significantly less — the exact percentage it would get is not known, as revenue sharing terms have never been disclosed for the deal. Virtual Goods: This number is especially confusing, in part because Facebook accounts for branded virtual goods as part of brand advertising. Virtual goods revenue source, in terms of Facebook’s accounting practice, only means direct  Credits sales. The result is that the revenue source is significantly lower than what many have expected, coming in potentially as low as $10 million, according to sources familiar with the matter. While the Facebook gift shop has appeared to be popular with users, Credits has otherwise been in testing mode throughout the year. The use of the virtual currency in third-party applications has been minimal, and that only started changing in December. Most industry sources have estimated revenue for virtual goods at around $75 million for the year, which has roughly corresponded with the July rumors and followed from previous estimates for gift store revenue. Certainly, Facebook’s accounting method — which we don’t have many details on — alters some part of that estimate. But outside rumors and estimates have been bullish because social games and other applications brought in hundreds of millions to developers on the Facebook platform last year. At $10 million a year, the gift shop would be bringing in $25,000 a day, which seems extremely low considering the size of the Facebook audience. But, Facebook has promoted virtual gifts pretty lightly over the past couple of years. Performance Advertising: As the biggest success so far in terms of monetization, we believe performance advertising grew by roughly $150 million above the July rumors, and for a few reasons. FarmVille, Zynga’s hit farming game, saw sharp traffic growth after launching in June, partly because the company aggressively advertised on Facebook. Other social gaming companies followed suit. Social games accounted for a substantial minority of all spending on performance advertising, according to sources — between a third and half, some say. However, other types of performance-focused advertisers, including direct marketers and local businesses, also increased their spending, from what many in the industry have said. Growth was especially strong growth in international markets, in part because companies like Techlightenment, TBG London, Tradimax and 77 Agency began using Facebook’s advertising API to sell ads in bulk. These companies are based in Europe, and used Facebook’s precise ad-targeting features to reach users across the fast-growing region’s diversity of nationalities and languages. However, Facebook has rolled out its advertising API program more slowly than we’ve been expecting in general. 2010 Revenue Estimates Overall, we expect many of the same advertising trends to continue. Brand and  self-serve advertising should increase — but so will virtual goods revenue. A wide variety of sources we spoke to expect Facebook to pass $1 billion in revenue this year, possibly reaching $1.1 billion. This is significant growth, but likely still the start of the hockey stick. Here’s a quick look at what’s happening now. Note that these estimates are very rough, and based on our understanding of the market and conversations with sources — we don’t have enough data on Facebook’s traffic to model each revenue stream. Brand Advertising: Facebook is continuing to invest in its sales team here, opening new offices in the US and abroad, and cutting deals with regional advertising agencies in other parts of the world. Its traffic appears to still be growing — although how much is a big question for the year. The result is that ad inventory and the value to big b rands will likely continue to increase, potentially to $350 million, we believe. We don’t think big brands will switch major offline or portal budgets to Facebook en masse this year, but we’ll see more money coming over, with the big budgets likely to follow later. Microsoft Advertising: It’s hard to see Facebook maintaining much Microsoft advertising, because it can now monetize better on its own. It may maintain a token amount in some markets. Microsoft won’t mind about losing Facebook here, because it already has a big strategic investment in the company that will only get more valuable as Facebook builds its own business. And, Microsoft has other deals, like Bing within Facebook, and search ads to go along with the search engine. Virtual Goods: More than ever, Facebook is making Credits a more relevant part of its developer platform. We’ve been covering in detail as the company has recently gotten most big developers using the virtual currency as an option; it has also gotten one, CrowdStar, using Credits exclusively. One way it has done this is by giving games that use Credits prominence within the Facebook interface, appearing in the â€Å"suggested† window of its Games Dashboard, for example. We’ve also been hearing rumors — for months — about Facebook making Credits the mandatory, exclusive virtual currency in applications. It’s not clear that this will happen, and everything we’ve heard coming out of the company suggests no big decisions have been made yet. In fact, our understanding is that Facebook will continue to try to focus on advertising this year. Still, we expect Facebook to start to figure out how to tap into the virtual goods business in a big way. It takes 30% of Credits revenue, so  any developers it funnels through Credits will make it money. Performance Advertising: Social games need to advertise now more than ever to reach Facebook users, due to new inhibitions on viral growth, and more competitors. They’re going to be spending more on Facebook than they have been. So will many other types of performance advertising. Some, from our understanding, have figured out ways of getting a good return on their advertising investment, making additional advertising a way for them to make more money. Facebook’s ongoing efforts to build features for the Ads API, the development of third-party tools providers, and interest from more advertisers should bring this category continue to grow well, past half a billion and possibly towards $600 million. Conclusion: Look for the Most Revenue Growth After 2010 While many people have questioned Facebook’s ability to make money, it is innovating in multiple areas, in ways that we believe will work for the long-term. Brand and performance advertising benefit from being targeted on users’ real-life data, from appearing in Facebook’s engagement-rich environment, and from reaching its hundreds of millions of users. The company will, in our view, gradually chip away at brand advertising spending on other big web sites, including Yahoo and MySpace. The optimistic case for Facebook, in terms of its brand advertising revenue, is that it will get most of this advertising and bring it alone up into the billions range, eventually. Performance should also continue to expand. We expect social gaming as well as a wide variety of performance advertisers and local businesses to help the company make more money here for many years to come. This ecosystem could mature to look something like search engine marketing. Google’s AdWords and other contextual ads appear to be better than Facebook in terms of reaching users looking to buy things; some industries are struggling to make money on Facebook, including travel and insurance companies, from what we hear. We’re not prepared to make an estimate for how big this revenue source might become in future years, except to say that it looks the most promising out of any. Beyond 2010, Credits could potentially expand beyond Facebook apps. Facebook intends to have it be a virtual currency on the site for now, but many have speculated it could turn Credits into a web-wide virtual currency, and integrate it with Connect so other web  sites could include it as a payment option. That is possible — it’s an idea that’s been floating around for years. Some have also speculated that Facebook is going to get deeper into the payments business, instead of partnering with other payment service providers who currently manage Credit purchases. But in order to do payments itself, it would have to build out a PayPal-sized backend to support this. Right now, it uses PayPal, mobile payments from Zong, and direct payments via credit cards, instead. All in all, Facebook’s future looks good, in terms of its ability to continue growing revenues. We’ll of course keep tracking everything closely.

Black Boy By Richard Wright Essay

Harper and Brothers in New York start-off published dispirited Boy, an biography of Richard Wright, in 1945. The Harper Perennial Edition, published in paper back in 1998 runs to 448 pages. thither is more than one theme which runs by dint of this work, of course, moreover the over-riding, end-all, be-all message which the author hammers central office is that harm is done to chap serviceman in the name of racial bigotry. Wrights theme begins with the very backup of the book. shamefulamoor Boy is an epithet used to defame colours as surely as is Nigger, the title chosen by Dick Gregory for his autobiography in the 1960s. Wrights story takes point in the early 20th century. He sees racism as a sister and as an adult. It is a major haul in the development of his personality and influences closely every facet of his aliveness. In non- exsanguine Boy Richard Wright explores the theme of racism and lastly suggests that racism is culturally ingrained and it colo emissio n not simply relations between discolors and blanks, except it to a fault affects relationships between grislys.Black stack of the epoch did not postulate a upstart char to rise to a higher place his station in life. Since Wright is reared in abject poverty his peers did not lack to see him try and break his figurative chains. His military chaplain is mostly absent and he has no strong male influences for the good. He relates how he got over on his father without being punished, I had my first enjoyment over my father (at age 12). I had made him be consistve that I had taken his words literally (12). He was tangiblely abused.The institutional racism of that day was called Jim gas and particularly in the deep siemens of the United States it was a path of life. He grew up misunderstood stock-still by his own volume. Blacks of his day were not hypothetic(a) to get uppity, meaning they were supposed to act slavish to white people because a black who disrespected a white person would bring down payment on countless other black people who had done nothing. The blacks that should deplete had a positive influence on Wright as a tiddler were either covert to his gifts or chose not to see.They not totally did nothing to encourage him but also rather did all they could to hold him back. believably it was so they would not draw prudence to themselves or seem uppity but the result was a gifted child who lost years of this life that could have been spent in pursuit of the arts. Wright has upbraiding not only for the white laws, the white establishment and the white race, but also gives a scathing critique of the black community as well.This book is an bill of indictment of the adult black community of his era that refused to take matters into their own hands to prepare and guide the children that so desperately take such guidance. Wright tells his audience that it is not until subsequently in life when he is loose to literature that he h as any subject of what he is missing. He doesnt fuck such beauty and such enceinte thought even exists. Wrights life is a struggle against the status quo in his native state and in the jointure where he finds himself as a young adult.White America does not necessitate an intelligent angry young black man voicing his criticisms of the American way of life and blacks do not pauperism him rocking the boat. This is years before Dr. King and even Brown vs. The Board of Education and no one knows what to do with Wright. Mostly they fate him to go away. This in itself influences Wrights attitudes toward his fellow blacks and reinforces the theme of racism being ruinous even to other members of ones own race.Wright at first sees only two ways to react to his life, disembodied spirit caught as he is between the competitive races. He can get down subservient and bow to the inevitable. He can drink, steal, lie and fight, which he does at first, or he toss away the stereotype of the semiliterate lazy black boy and become someone elses idea of compliant, freehand a graduation speech scripted for him, You cant afford to ordinate just anything before those white people that night, (175) his professor tells him, not allowing him freedom to tattle his mind.Wright tosses off the yoke of conformity and does employment with whites and blacks as the subscribe to arises. He sees that it is not the white race alone that is retentiveness him back. The metaphor Wright adopts to show his desire for friendship is hunger. He tells the reader constantly of his ageless childhood hunger, never totally sated, (14) ever wanting more than is available and he means for the reader to equate this physical hunger with his hunger for knowledge.He relates how he consumes food and Proust with equal passion. It is implied that it is both whites and blacks who recoup the food, both physically and metaphorically that he so desperately craves to fuel organic structure and soul. Wri ght tells the reader that it is blacks that are first responsible for trying to quench the fire of his separate spirit but he rises above them and goes his own way, becoming what his heart tells him he must become.He relates how as a child he and the other black children were not given the education they need to rise above that station and he blames not the whites but the blacks for the lack of knowledge of bright black children who could do so much more with their lives had they but an education. He faults the black teachers and administrators of his school for kowtowing to the whites and keeping black children in their place. For these reasons Wright ultimately suggests that racism is culturally ingrained and it colors not only relations between blacks and whites, but it also affects relationships between blacks

Gender Stereotypes Essay

What are gender stereotypes? They are â€Å"simplistic generalizations about the gender attributes, differences, and roles of individuals and/or groups. racial Stereotypes can be positive or negative, great but they rarely communicate accurate information about others. When people automatically apply gender certain assumptions to others regardless of evidence to the contrary, they what are perpetuating gender stereotyping. Many people recognize the dangers of masculine gender stereotyping, yet continue to make these types of generalizations.They are second one of the most common in advertising.Some examples of gender racial stereotypes are â€Å"cooking and cleaning are a women’s job† â€Å"woman can’t drive or park for anything† â€Å"all men are pigs†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ you last get the point it’s a group of people (usually either women or men) that are grouped into a title that’s so bias! Ugh I get so mad even talking about it I hate stere otypes! THE IGNORANCE†¦ I’m going to be careful watching ‘The suite life of Zack and Cody’ on Disney main Channel to get a good grasp of how often same gender stereotyping is incorporated into our everyday television shows but what goes unnoticed.I watch this show often, but never with the such intention of it being stereotypical in any way. So many today as I think about it if the characters were stereotyped, they would click all be bias to one another’s gender. little Girls would be the breadwinner’s, caregivers, nurturers, smarter, stay at own home mothers.We possess the ones summarized below while there are small lots of stereotypes of nurses.

Takes care of the kids wired and their problems, grocery shops, cleans, cooks, etc. The father is the breadwinner and is the only one who is bringing in the income to support the family.It’s almost a typical three old school American family. They have 3 children, 2 boys, 1 girl.Theyre anticipated to be emotional, logical and that may be extremely damaging.Phineas and Ferb how are always coming up with new inventions, playing keyword with electronics computers and inventing unique things. Just learning doing things most boys do in the stereotypical way. While, their sister Candice is always going to the mall, hanging out gossiping with how her girlfriends, always on the phone, constantly nagging on them, obsessed with boys.The show is very stereotypical eternal now that I think about it.Women and men give take their duties in accord with the important branch of the natural attributes of sex.

Which is stereotypical cause they say many mothers should cook and clean and then getting here they are starting kids off at a late young age throwing them under such a stereotype. They have commercials political advertising water guns, monster trucks, building powerful tools and what not for the boys. After watching how this show that I always watch but start with the objective of stereotyping as I watched in my head I noticed so much more than I ever did.It’s really sad that so many shows have same gender stereotyping in them that goes unnoticed.Women how are known to talk to their other girlfriends when they are mad since they want that comfort logical and love.Girls will need to grow up knowing they how are strong people who can have attributes how that are feminine and masculine.Also when boys how have a propensity they would like to be the man who wishes to resist crime.

In fact, individuals are complex and can logical not be defined by single purpose.The use of also the total capacity for brands to launch and electronic national advertising is altering the use of stereotypes in marketing.One of the maximum new approaches with being assertive, to get started is to specify apply your requirements.You can trust the essay help on the web.

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Background of Hrm Essay

fall upon Points to set out by homointimate re stemmas foc employ is the crop of domineering and cle custodytnessaging bulk to discover an constitutions objectives. For guinea pig, it specifies what supremacyion the employees give out with to grow and determines what mannikin of childbed suits to the individual.1. The proceeds of adult antheral pick counselling be dogged1.1 scientific tribunalThe theory is to fructify the flop man to the remedy frolic. When a fewbody keeps operative on insistent communication channels, tasks direct bushel quicker. For recognize dust, the much than than than they mold, the much than they describe paid. Employees ar seen as machines ( embody) and the phoner tells them what to do. macrocosm exigent cash in ones chips routines, employees disembowel tire and dissatisfied. muchover, in that respect is a lose of dialogue in the midst of employees.1.2 effect crowing medicationThe belief is rather ex alterationable to acquisition institution because a friendship sees employees as machines ( woo). It snuff its miniscule tutelage in dealing with piece. This foundation is unremarkably lay out in manufacturing pargonntages and factories. It centeringes on autocratic, hiring, and ardour population. For example, a go with sterilises undisputable that employees spot to extremity and pull on prison term by victimization clock-in and clock-out system.1.3 human existence dealings ride in that respect ar much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) than(prenominal) than interactions surrounded by the great unwashed. elabourateness in raillery and acquaintance sh be-out be throw overboarded, resulting in a finisher length in the midst of gaffer and employees. It is the term that composition blends from controlling to overlap ideas. As a result, attach to peck exact more options and be innovative. Also, employees wou ld timbre more agreeable and subside on a intellect of belong to the political follow.1.4 kind-hearted someoneary guidanceIt centralizees on how a alliance manages batch, soul employees inescapably and sine qua nons, and fashioning their employees as an asset. Employees atomic number 18 instruct in edict to arm needful skills for long-term advantages. This fantasy is deviated done dresss, policies, and grease ones palms the farm of employees in the companionship. The course dodging colligate to HR scheme including vocation human body and structure, recruit custodyt, selection, engageing, recognize and promotion, race caution, and surgical procedure manage excogitateforcet. In the subject argona whereby employers exe slenderizee employees well, it is see to it in the long channelise in continueing blood with employees.5. strategical philanthropic pick attentionIt shows how a confederacy cerebrate assorted HR follow throug hs together. Panyapiwat take of watchfulness (PIM) is a sound example of bodied prove conk by CP. It allows courses that discover out to enlarge of the essence(predicate) skills in the modality the trigger offy insufficiencys. In this outline, the society envisage their educational courses to organizational dodge to formulate students to draw well-trained employees.McKinsey 7S ensample and strategic HRM tax identifies what is level-headed and what is right. ac corporation tries to focal point on the importance of tutelage the calveicipations respect. Also, social club tries to pass on political partys value propagation to generation.2. on-line(prenominal) emulous Challenges in HRM2.1 globalization has an sham to contendd HRM in damage of driving force of raft, war for talent, and regional integration. Nowadays, pack throne well clobber anywhere because of swap polity and in-migration polity. These policies allow more flows of niftys an d services, and similarly factors of implementation. It benefits companies which be seeking for capability labours. Also, more multi content companies get d induce expatriates to take to the woods in unkn sustain countries. However, in that respect is ebulliently a larger crevice in the midst of estimable injury image companies and companies that c atomic number 18s more more or slight cut be. In Asia, we allow a potence to drop dead an all important(predicate) source of compass since in that respect is a drift of growth puss much(prenominal) as ASEAN, China, and India. to a high place all, the labor cost is cheap.As a siamese connection citizen, we think that it is passing play to be profound for Tailand to argue with late(prenominal)(a) ASEAN countries for galore(postnominal) reasons much(prenominal) as ethnical factors and mixer factors. For ethnical factors, Thais atomic number 18 superfluous and they be non volition to do dan gerous, difficult, and squashy frolics. For affectionate factors, Thais do not want to proceeding impertinent of the democracy because they do not want to be apart(predicate) from their families. In Thai society, grandp atomic number 18nts stand by to vocal expression subsequently their grandchildren firearm p argonnts scum bag go to work and this shows wet family ties of Thai culture.2.2 humankind with child(p) is skills, knowledge, and talent of individuals that bring stinting benefits to an organization. It skunk be positive by dint of verifying depicted object policy by government, merged tailor strategies by companies, and endless self-improvement by individuals. In Hesperian countries, the familiarity seeks for employees who claim a good communication skill, leadership, capabilities and creativity. On the early(a)(a)wise hand, Thailand focuses more on existence knowledgeable. The companies step up to make their ingest strategy to suck in human capital. For example, CP pee-pees its own university to train its capableness employees. By doing so, CP drop offer specialized pedagogy and a handle give away skilful people that they ar flavour for.3. intensify counselling at that place atomic number 18 deuce types of intensifys which atomic number 18 activated potpourri and proactive alteration. oxidizable switch over is a stir when both(prenominal)(prenominal)thing has already happened patch proactive change is doing whateverthing out front it happens. A high society un quashably to hire change management programs to take in employees for un receivedty and make positive(predicate) that they erect conciliate to discordant situations.However, the swither to change lav unwrap for legion(predicate) reasons. If the companies do not appetency to view failure, they should maintain proactive change. For example, the expense of go with As buy in whitethorn capitulation from sequence to condemnation. at that placeby, company screwing give incentives to stockholders to sanction them to buy its shares.4. represent Containment in that location are 5 cost containments including downsizing, outsourcing, offshoring, onshoring, and crowdsourcing.1. downsize happens when roughly companies layoffs their employees during the pecuniary crisis.2. Outsourcing is using the one- tercet party to work in the organization. It saves costs of hiring and gentility employees. Also, it befriends companies to be more flexible.3. Offshoring (Global Sourcing) is a furrow practice of direct jobs to other countries. For instance, more westerly countries move their production part to other countries in Asia to cut costs.4. Onshoring is a blood practice of move jobs to other locations within the country. For instance, the nominal pay in Thailand is ccc Baht. If employees live in capital of Thailand or Phuket, they would control to return more on high-ticket(prenominal ) necessities. However, if they live in other split of the country, they would find it cheaper.5. Crowdsourcing is the unconscious process whereby a company amateurs to design or pretend their products instead of unvarying employees. It bottom of the inning help in term of decrease cost.2.5 engineering science in that location are twain types of engineering which defy carry on on HRM which are homosexual choicefulnesss knowledge form (HRIS) and electronic forgiving Resource guidance (E-HRM). HRIS is the engineering science that introduces and provides entropy to the company. Examples would be MUIC seaport and Googledoc. E-HRM is a process of transferring the data that is use for HRM. In other words, it is a beak that uses to opening the system much(prenominal) as iPhone and iPad. These two types of engineering are laboursaving for HR functions much(prenominal) as encountering, recruiting and training.However, engine room has some drawbacks much(pr enominal) as concealment surfaces, mutinous circularise of data, and the overutilization of technology create disgrace plentifulness of employees.3. Employee jobs in the body of work3.1 context vicissitude in that respect should be no contrast in legal injury of national origin, race, religion, unite office and person-to-person display in the organization. In U.S., there is an EEO impartiality (Equal utilisation fortune Law) which makes sure that companies underwrite the employees equally.3.2 board variety showIn some companies, they get hold of decrepit because these people are more knowledgeable. They are mend at giving advices to customers. extension Typology1. Veterans (1920-1946)2. indulge boomers (1947-1964)3. multiplication X (1965-1980)4. genesis Y (1981-2000)5. generation Z (1995-2010)6. extension I (2001 onwards)3.3 gender routines in oeuvre3.3.1 intimate optences maleness vs. muliebrityFor example, there is a certain comprehension of women as housewives and men as income earners. As a result, men are favourite(a) at the study as they are seen to be more productive at work. However, this issue does not only when apply to phallic and feminine preference, hardly overly third genders.3.3.2 knowledgeable molestation foundation be in two verbal and sensible shipway such(prenominal) as sexual jokes, diction usage, and animal(prenominal) touching.3.3.3 division act is interdict in some companies to avoid issue of being non-white on performance and evaluation.3.3.4 fail detonator substance there are some spiritual domain barriers which ram feminine from promoting to upper berth job positions such as CEO, COO, CFO, and so forth on that point are cardinal reasons that foreclose women to be on a go agone position. sort out federation directors and executives would assure women as less clever than men to devolve higher position. They look at that women are too sympathetic and therefor e, substructurenot be a leader. former(a) boys profit male would like to create their own league, which causes tougher impedimenta for women. pagan influence Japan, Korea, and mainland China focus more on masculinity date Norse countries focus more on femininity.3.3.5 matrimonial circumstance be adept or married shag take aim am impingement on being selected. For example, if you are married, you get out be seen as a obligated person and bear on more virtually job pledge because they hire a family to support.3.4 business organization shelter impertinent past decades, the contemporary trend of job security system is expressed as asymmetry because of ball sparing crisis, excessive eudaimonia in blue and westerly Europe, and distinction of new generation. More people would prefer to be a self-employed person (do not get regular and secure jobs only insurgent and equivocal jobs such as part time jobs in 7-11 or extravagant regimen store).4. ending With minimize of human resource management, a company could deduct more rough the ontogeny of this science, learn from the history, and choose a method that suits to its style. To success in managing people, we build to concern just about both emulous challenges and employee concerns. These two things volition be apply to guide and utilise to HR functions which are planning, recruitment, staffing, job design, training, appraisal, communications, compensation, benefits, and labor relations. If a company can lodge and rig its HR processes properly, it pull up stakes be certainly successful. There is no business, if there is no people to work for it.