Fundraising Skills - Writing a Fundraising Bid Essay

Fundraising Skills - Writing a Fundraising Bid - Essay Example These include planning requirements early in advance, having sound conceptual framework, including the aims and objectives of the program and generally seeing everything from the perspective of the funder among others. All these need to be in the bid. Communication is key when one is fundraising. This is because one has to present their needs to the funders eloquently and clearly. Diplomacy is also important since fundraising includes interactions with other people. Proper management skills are also necessary. This is of the time of the funders and the money allocated for the program. For one to be employed there is need for grasp of the content, ability to be part of a competent, diverse and empowered workforce, being able to manage funds and having great vision and sense of direction. Careers need to be managed by ensuring one performs his or her duties as well as advancing in the level of education. If one does all this, then their future is somehow assured to be successful. The Make Them Smile Charity Organization. We intend to grow big and strongly influence our society. Therefore, we are requesting for funds from you, The Big Lottery, so that we can achieve our desires. We are filling this application form stating our request. We have identified a need in the society requiring our services to fulfill and we shall attempt to convince you on our mission and vision. Cleft lip and palate are developmental defects of the upper lip and roof of the outer mouth present at birth. They may occur separately or in combination. Incomplete fusion of the developing lip or the incomplete fusion of the hard or soft palate causes them. All this happens during the prenatal stage of a child’s life. This condition causes feeding problems, ear infections or even hearing loss, speech problems and dental problems (Howard & Lohmander 2012, p.56) Although rectifying this is done through a simple

Ford Focus and Ford Motor Company Essay Example for Free

Ford Focus and Ford Motor Company Essay When Alan Mulally took over as Chief Executive Officer at Ford Motor Company in 2006 the organization was losing billions of dollars. According to Tony Schwartz (2010), â€Å"It had just come off reporting a $14. 6 billion loss for 2008, its fourth losing year in a row† (para. 1). The article Alan Mulally-Making Ford a Model for the Future illustrates the progress of Alan Mulally and the four simple principles that are making the company become profitable. Principles are important in any organization and an employee needs to feel important and motivated to come to work. These are a few of the principles that Alan Mulally have implemented since 2006: Stand for something beyond profit. Rally your employees around a shared mission. Practice a realistic optimism. Tell the truth without fear (Schwartz, 2010). The turnaround at Ford Motor Company was not overnight. He invested in the vision â€Å"One Ford† which has the idea of creating vehicles that will appeal to both American and European consumers by utilizing a common design theme that would move beyond the three-bar infatuation of the United States (Lavrinc, 2007). The transformation of the American icon was due to the One Ford vision and one year after 2008, Ford Motor Company reported a profit of $2. 7 billion. This transformation would not have happened if Alan Mulally did not take over in 2006. The ethical behavior by Ford Motor Company’s Chief Executive Officer has shown to be a true testament to future CEO’s in the global market. When the company raised $23. 5 billion to finance the restructuring and accelerate the investment in new products it shows great leadership during the Great Recession (Bartiromo, 2011). This American icon is 110 years old and recently had the strongest third quarter profit in history in 2012. This would not have happened without Alan Mulally reducing the brands of Aston Martin, Jaguar, Mazda, Land Rover, and Volvo into the two main components that a person would vision on the road today Ford and Lincoln. The leadership is beyond extraordinary and models like the Ford Focus is now one of the country’s best selling cars (Schwartz, 2010). The business environment is multifaceted with enormous challenges that face the global market. By focusing attention on a vision, the leader operates on the emotional and spiritual resources of the organization, on its values, commitment, and aspirations. The manager, by contrast, operates on the physical resources of the organization, on its capital, human skills, raw materials, and technology. The results that an individual observes currently are in direct correlation of the actions over the last five years. Ford has now paid back the $23. 5 billion that was taken out in 2006 to finance the restructuring and investment of new products. The company has started to hire and bring jobs back to the United States. According to Schwartz (2010), â€Å"Mulally is taking an old-school industrial company and turning it into a model of how modern company ought to be run† (para. 3). Using the PESTEL Analysis to capture macro-environmental forces and including part of the Ansoff Product/Market Opportunity Matrix Ford Motor Company can thrive on market penetration strategies. The following PESTEL Analysis shows the six factors that are the biggest weaknesses and strengths perceived to be the primary data in the next five years for the automotive giant.

Is the Gilgamesh Flood the Basis of the Biblical Flood in the Book of G

Is the Gilgamesh Flood the  Basis of the Biblical Flood?  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   Genesis of the Old Testament records a worldwide Flood early on in the history of human civilization. Tablet 11of the Sumero-Babylonian version of the epic of Gilgamesh also records a total Flood of the entire earth very early in mankind’s development. Let’s examine the two to determine if one could be the basis for the other.    Nels M. Bailkey in Readings in Ancient History: Thought and Experience from Gilganesh to St. Augustine, comments on the likenesses and lack thereof   between the two versions:    The striking similarities with the later Hebrew story are quite evident, but the great gulf between them needs to be emphasized: the Hebrew version has been completely moralized. In the Hebrew account the Flood is sent because of sin, and the hero is saved because he is righteous. In the Sumero-Babylonian version the hero is saved out of mere favoritism and the gods send the Flood, as we learn from a separate account, because their sleep has been disturbed: â€Å"oppressive has become the clamor of mankind, by their uproar they prevent sleep.† Above all, the one supreme righteous God of the Hebrews contrasts with the gang of weak, quarrelsome, greedy gods who â€Å"cowered like dogs† in the presence of the Flood and who later â€Å"like flies gathered around the sacrificer.† (10)    Alexander Heidel in his book, The Gilgamesh Epic and Old Testament Parallels, provides a background for the survivor of the Sumero-Babylonian Flood, Utnapishtim:    Utnapishtim was the son of Ubara-Tutu, the Otiartes, or, rather, Opartes of Berossus. According to Berossus, the deluge hero was the tenth Prediluvian king in Babylonia. Also in the Sumerian inscription he i... ...its acceptance by God – these are repeated in both accounts of the Flood.    WORKS CITED    Bailkey, Nels M. Readings in Ancient History: Thought and Experience from Gilganesh to St. Augustine. Third edition. Lexington, MA: D.C.Heath and Co., 1987.    Gardner, John and John Maier. Gilgamesh: Translated from the Sin-leqi-unninni version. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1984.    Harris, Stephen L. â€Å"Gilgamesh.† The Humanist Tradition in World Literature. Ed. Stephen Harris. Columbus, OH: Charles E. Merrill Publishing Co., 1970.    Heidel, Alexander. The Gilgamesh Epic and Old Testament Parallels. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1949.    Ignatius Holy Bible. Revised Standard Version, Catholic Edition. San Francisco: Ignatius Press, 1966.    Sandars. N. K. The Epic of Gilgamesh. New York: Penguin Books, 1972.      

Health Care Delivery Systems Essay

Healthcare delivery systems refer to the organization of resources, institutions, and people intended to provide healthcare services to particular populations. Health systems vary substantially across the world. In fact, the organizational structures and history is unique in each country. Some states have distributed health system planning amongst market stakeholders. On the contrary, other countries have concentrated energy among religious organizations, governments, trade unions and other united institutions to provide organized health care services customized to target populations. The objective of this essay is comparing similarities and differences between various international health care systems across the globe. One of the major health care delivery programs in the United States includes group health insurance plans. The health system emerged during World War II. The employers began offering employee benefits in the form of affordable healthcare services to attract the limite d labor supply. Since then, many healthcare reforms implemented in the United States from the 1970s has enhanced this philosophy (Yih, 2010). Currently, US has over 1200 insurance companies that give group health insurance programs. The objective of group insurance plans is providing employees with affordable, high quality and efficient healthcare services (Cooper & Taylor, 1994). The Medicare program is another healthcare delivery system intended for retirees above sixty-five years. The service differs from group health insurance plan in that the beneficiaries are unemployed, and the government pays for the individuals’ treatment cost. For younger and poorer American citizens below sixty-five years, the government has established Medicaid healthcare delivery system to offer free medical services. Eligible candidates for the Medicaid program include poor individuals that cannot afford the service and  non-beneficiaries of subsidized healthcare systems such as the group insurance (Cooper & Taylor, 1994). In addition to these methods, the US has a variety of other healthcare systems intended for the uninsured. The p rograms include the Veterans Administration, military and Native Americans among others. These programs are extremely complex since they have varied the reimbursement, underwriting, benefit and eligibility (McCarthy & Schafermeyer, 2007). Canada uses a healthcare delivery program called â€Å"Single payer system.† The intention of establishing the system is ensuring healthcare equality among all the citizens. The coverage of the plan is universal and comprehensive. The provincial governments provide funds for the compulsory medical care using tax money (McCarthy & Schafermeyer, 2007). However, the federal government contributes and controls some of the money the provincial administrations contribute to the citizens’ healthcare plans. Patients are independent to choose their preferred healthcare provider. Majority of the physicians in Canada have private practices that they charge a fee based on services they provide. Many hospitals are not-for-profit institutions that are managed by trustee boards. The modern healthcare delivery system in Canada began in Sa skatchewan in the 1950s and then spread to the entire nation by 1966 (Baribault & Cloyd, 1999). Japan provides medical services to every citizen using employer-financed insurance plan. The aim of using employer-based program is controlling the cost of healthcare expenses. The result of the plan is a substantially healthy nation at one of the most affordable healthcare cost in the world (Yih, 2010). The country has a variety of insurance programs that are funded using various obligatory deductions, patient co-payments, and taxes. Patients have the liberty of choosing their preferred healthcare providers (McCarthy & Schafermeyer, 2007). On the other hand, healthcare delivery providers are compensated using a national rate and formula negotiated by a panel composed of citizens, insurers, and providers. The government has set a price limit to control price increase of policies at a given time. The main benefit of the restricted policy price is equitable access and affordable healthcare program (Baribault & Cloyd, 1999). Japan established its present healthcare program in 1922 as the government believed that a healthy nation was necessary to maintain the nation productive and affluent. Initially, Japan intended the program to serve manual laborers, but the country amended its  constitution after World War II to make the program compulsory to everyone (Cooper & Taylor, 1994). American healthcare delivery system differs from that in Canada and Japan in that the government has not set healthcare systems’ price limit. As a result, the healthcare cost varies from one provider to the other. The economic law of demand and supply also determines the cost of healthcare services, which makes American medical care programs among the most expensive in the world. In the United States, several doctors are directly employed in public hospitals while many healthcare professionals in Canada have private practices (Baribault & Cloyd, 1999). On the contrary, health care delivery systems in Japan, Canada, and the USA have similarities such as liberty to choose from several healthcare providers. In addition, insurance programs play an essential role in providing affordable healthcare plans to every citizen. Each country also offers fully sponsored or subsidized healthcare services to the extremely poor, army veterans and other specialized group that may not afford to make regular contributions towards the healthcare services (Baribault & Cloyd, 1999). Employers are supposed to deduct some cash from their employees’ salary, and provide either a hundred or two hundred percent match to the deduction, to pay for healthcare insurance (Cooper & Taylor, 1994). In my view, I would recommend sickness fund healthcare system as it has proven functional in countries such as Germany. Germany’s trade guilds established the initial health system in 1883 that the government applied as a model to create the country’s â€Å"sickness funds†. The objective of the system is financing, paying and providing healthcare services. It integrates decision-making and decentralized power with efficient bargaining power that occurs at local, federal and state levels. Germans have solidarity and believe that everyone is entitled to access quality medical services irrespective of their capability to pay, income or employment. Similarly, if other countries in the world can adopt such a healthcare system, everybody would have access to q uality healthcare services. Patients covered by the program can access affordable health care services universally (Cooper & Taylor, 1994). Some of the services that sickness fund covers include drugs and dental care services. It also provides young mothers’ grants, money for purchasing eyeglasses and compensation wages when individuals are sick. Since sickness funds do not offer healthcare coverage for some issues,  individuals can purchase health insurance plans for the uncovered services. Everybody in Germany is supposed to be a member of a sickness fund, except the wealthy persons that can afford private health insurance. I believe the world’s population would have access to quality health care services required for maintaining healthy nations (Baribault & Cloyd, 1999). References Cooper E. & Taylor L. (1994). Comparing Health Care Systems: What makes sense for the US? Context Institute. Web, retrieved on January 18, 2015 from http://www.context.org/iclib/ic39/cooptalr/ Baribault, M. & Cloyd, C. (1999). Health Care Systems: Three International Comparisons. Ethics of Development in Global Environment. McCarthy, R. L., & Schafermeyer, K. W. (2007). Introduction to health care delivery: A primer for pharmacists. Sudbury, Mass: Jones and Bartlett. Yih, Y. (2010). Handbook of Healthcare Delivery Systems. CRC Press.

Decision making Essay

Overview My experience in the business world has shown a variety of ethical decision making practices. The beauty industry has a somewhat skewed view of ethics as it appeals to the vanity and esteem of consumers around the world. The health care industry must provide health care to its customers yet maintain the business with the goals of making a profit. Yale University is known for its research in the fields of science and medical technology. All these companies practice ethics, but view ethical behavior in a different way. This paper will explore the definition and principles of ethics and discuss the impact of ethics on the decision making process in the work place. Definition Pearson Custom Publishing (Pearson, 1998-2002) defines ethics as the â€Å"standards of conduct and moral judgment. † Markula Center for Applied Ethics (1995-1998) defines ethics as those standards that compel one to refrain from committing crimes against another person such as stealing, murder, assault, slander, and fraud. It is also the standards that encourage honesty, integrity, compassion and loyalty. Ethics is not a religious principle, nor is it based on â€Å"feelings† about a particular problem. It cannot be defined as a legal practice because laws are created to protect rights, not manage ethical principles. While the definition may seem clear, ethics as a practice is somewhat ambiguous since interpretation plays a big part in how people perceive right from wrong. The Markala Center for Applied Ethics (1995-1998) states that in order to understand the meaning of ethics we must find answers the following questions, â€Å"According to what standards are these actions right or wrong? What character traits (like honesty, compassion, fairness) are necessary to live a truly human life? † Defining ethics is relatively easy compared to practicing ethics in the work place. Since the primary concern of most businesses is the bottom line, the ethical views may differ based on the type of business. Ethical views of employees may also differ from the views of the company. This can cause conflict among workers and management as companies strive to improve the bottom line. Personal ethics may be compromised in an effort to keep a job. In business, what are the ground rules? Since ethics is not an exact science it is easy believe that if it is legal it is ethical and therefore acceptable. This is not always the case and recent examples of Enron and Microsoft prove this point. Enron has shown us that greed can interfere with good judgment and the impact of their decisions was grave. Microsoft is another company whose ethics have been questioned as it strives to maintain its place as the software giant. Is it unethical for Microsoft to work towards the demise of its competitor Netscape? Or is this the normal competitive spirit. Another good example is the beauty industry that built a billion dollar business convincing consumers that cosmetics and perfumes will make them perform better, become more powerful and/or more popular if the products are used. Is this behavior legal, yes. Ethical, well, that is questionable and based on personal interpretation. So how can ethical behavior be judged? Markala Center for Applied Ethics (1999) provides the following questions to help us more clearly ascertain ethical behavior. â€Å"Is there something wrong personally, interpersonally, or socially? Is there conflict that could be damaging to people?to animals or the environment? to institutions? to society? Does the issue go deeper than legal or institutional concerns? What does it do to people as persons who have dignity, rights, and hopes for a better life together? â€Å" These questions will help us to get the facts necessary to understand the problem, but we also need to know the values. Markula Center for Applied Ethics (1995-1998) suggests asking these additional questions to further determine values; â€Å"Is the solution to this problem for the common good of the community? Does it violate any rights? Is it fair and non-discriminatory? Will it benefit the majority of the people? † So when a problem occurs that requires a solution, it is necessary to review these questions and ask ourselves, based on a desired approach, if the outcome is ethical. This can be a difficult decision since often there is clearly no right or wrong answer. How could ethics benefit the decision making process? Incorporating ethics in the decision making process could making the process easier or more difficult. Easier by providing an additional layer that would justify a difficult decision based on whether it was ethically right or wrong. Ethics could make the decision making process easier by helping to eliminate choices that would not benefit all parties involved. For instance, let’s say there is a company who produces steel wires for construction projects. They need to build a larger factory in order to keep up with the demand. They are a fairly small operation, but complex in that they use dangerous chemicals in the finishing of their products. They have found a couple of locations which meet their needs; one in a location that is isolated a far from any residential areas, the other is located directly on a river that flows into a lake used for recreational purposes. The first location is considerably cheaper and would add an additional 30 minutes to the current employees commute. The second is closer and less expensive. In making the decision on where to build, management must consider the ethical ramifications to the environment. If they were to build near the river there would be a chance of chemical run off that would pollute the river and ultimately the lake. The use of ethics in the decision making process would make it easier to eliminate this location as an option and help to justify the additional expense and commute. Ethics could also make the decision making process harder by adding another layer of complexity to the problem. Take for instance, the issue of stem cell research. The research is performed on human embryos which some say is an unethical practice. Others say that using stem cells for research will make technological advances in medicine that cannot be achieved in other ways. These groups are opposed to the ban on federal funding for research that involved human embryo research (Coalition of Americans for Research Ethics). In the meantime, there are many diseases in which the cure points to more search in the area of stem cells. This research could help to save lives, but it is being held up due to the ethical beliefs of opposing parties. How should ethics be used in business? Ethical decision making should be a method by which decisions are made for the good of all people. Ethics should provide a code of behavior that is used as a base for all decision making. They should provide specific guidelines that ensure that decisions are always made in the interest of helping or protecting the rights of people. Many professional groups had specific practices by which they are expected to adhere as stated by Larry Colero of the U. B.C. Centre for Applied Ethics; â€Å"professional associations have codes of ethics that prescribe required behavior within the context of a professional practice such as medicine, law, accounting, or engineering. † These types of associations lay the ground rules in the decision making process. What are the ethical implications of the decision? Ethical implications in the decision making process could have a positive and negative outcome. I do believe that if a decision is not made in an ethical manner, the outcome will be negative. Using ethical decision making will most likely provide a positive outcome. Although it may not benefit the bottom line, it will surely benefit the community and the company long term. The negative implications come from situations where the decision is made without consideration for ethics. A sales person who is desperate to make quota for the quarter sells a product to the customer even though the customer does not need the product at this time. The customer may feel that the sales person does not have their best interest in heart and take their business elsewhere. Initially, the sales person benefited from an unethical decision, but in the long run, this type of decision making did not pay off. From a positive perspective, if the sales person had used ethical decision making, his sales may have increased not only through this one particular customer, but also from referrals due to the excellent customer service he/she had provided. Initially, the numbers may not have been satisfactory, but the long term results might have overcome the initial down turn. Conclusion Utilizing the principles of ethics in the decision making process will help to ensure that decisions made are fair and respect the rights of those parties involved. Unfortunately, ethical decision making is only as morally sound as the person making the decision. If the person making the decision is does not live by an ethical code, the decision will be swayed in the direction of that belief. Therefore, in order to make sound ethical decisions, decision makers must constantly evaluate their own beliefs and strive to live in an ethical manner. References Coalition of Americans for Research Ethics, (n. d. ), On human embryos and stem cell research: An appeal for legally and ethically responsible science and public policy. Retrieved from the World Wide Web: May 18, 2002 http://www. stemcellresearch. org/statement/statement. htm Colero, L. , (n. d. ) A framework for universal principles of ethics. Retrieved from the World Wide Web. May 18, 2002 http://www. ethics. ubc. ca/papers/invited/colero. html Pearson Custom Publishing, (1999-2002) Ethics. Retrieved from the World Wide Web: May 15, 2002 http://www. pearsoncustom. com/link/humanities/philosophy/crithink/ethics. html Markula Center for Applied Ethics, (1995-1998) A framework for ethical decision making. Retrieved from the World Wide Web. May 15, 2002. http://www. scu. edu/SCU/Centers/Ethics/practicing/deci3sion/framework. html.

How Wasps Build Their Nests From Wood

How Wasps Build Their Nests From Wood Paper wasps, yellowjackets, and bald-faced hornets all make paper nests, though the size, shape, and location of their nests differ. Paper wasps build umbrella-shaped nests suspended underneath eaves and overhangs. Bald-faced hornets construct large, football-shaped nests. Yellowjackets make their nests underground. Regardless of where a wasp builds its nest or what shape the nest is,  the process wasps use to construct their nests is generally the same. Turning Wood Into Paper Wasps are expert paper makers, capable of turning raw wood into sturdy paper homes. A wasp queen uses her mandibles to scrape bits of wood fiber from fences, logs, or even cardboard. She then breaks the wood fibers down in her mouth, using saliva and water to weaken them. The wasp flies to her chosen nest site with a mouth full of soft paper pulp. Construction begins with finding a suitable support for the nest – a window shutter, a tree branch, or a root in the case of subterranean nests. Once she has settled on a suitable location, the queen adds her pulp to the surface of the support. As the wet cellulose fibers dry, they become a strong paper buttress from which she will suspend her nest. The nest itself is comprised of hexagonal cells in which the young will develop. The queen protects the brood cells by building a paper envelope, or cover, around them. The nest expands as the colony grows in number, with new generations of workers constructing new cells as needed. Old wasp nests degrade naturally over the winter months, so each spring new ones must be constructed. Wasps, yellowjackets, and bald-faced hornets dont overwinter. Only the mated queens hibernate during the cold months, and these queens choose the nesting sites and begin the nest building process in spring. Which Wasps Make Nests? The wasp nests we frequently encounter are made by wasps in the family Vespidae. Vespid wasps that construct paper nests include paper wasps (Polistes spp.) and yellowjackets (both  Vespula  spp. and  Dolichovespula  spp.). Although we commonly refer to them as hornets, bald-faced hornets are not true hornets (which are classified in the genus  Vespa). Bald-faced hornets, Dolichovespula maculata, are actually yellowjackets. Controlling Wasps Nests Although paper wasps, yellowjackets, and bald-faced hornets can and will sting if threatened, that doesnt mean you need to destroy every nest you find.  In many cases, you can leave the nests alone. If a family member has a venom allergy, thats certainly a legitimate reason for concern and measures should be taken to minimize the risk of a potentially lethal sting. If wasps located their nest in close proximity to or on a play structure, that can be a concern as well. Use your judgment, but dont assume every wasp nest will put you at risk of being stung. Why should you let a colony of stinging wasps live in your yard? Nest-making social wasps are largely beneficial insects. Paper wasps and bald-faced hornets prey on other insects and play an important role in controlling plant pests. If you eliminate these wasps entirely, you may give garden and landscape pests free reign to destroy your prized ornamentals and vegetables. Many yellowjackets are also entirely predatory and therefore beneficial, but there are a few species that scavenge on carrion or dead insects and also forage on sugars. These are the wasps that cause us trouble because theyll gladly sip your soda and then sting you when you try to swat them away. If scavenging yellowjackets are a problem in your yard, then it might be worth taking measures to prevent wasps from establishing nests.  Problem wasps include: western yellowjackets (Vespula pensylvanica)eastern yellowjackets (Vespula maculifrons)common yellowjackets (Vespula vulgaris)southern yellowjackets (Vespula squamosa)German yellowjackets (Vespula germanica) - introduced to North America Resources and Further Reading Cranshaw, Whitney, and Richard Redak. Bugs Rule!: an Introduction to the World of Insects. Princeton University, 2013.Gullan, P. J., and P. S. Cranston. The Insects: an Outline of Entomology. 4th ed., Wiley Blackwell, 2010.Jacobs, Steve. â€Å"Baldfaced Hornet.† Department of Entomology (Penn State University), Pennsylvania State University, Feb. 2015.

Free Essays on Reflections

Today’s society has been overwhelmed with many family problems. This statement holds true in Wallace Stegner’s short story â€Å"The Blue-Winged Teal.† John and Henry, the two main characters, are father and son with a problem bigger than the both of them combined. With the death of the wife and mother, their relationship, if there was one, was lost with little hope of getting it back. Stegner’s short story exemplifies how the life and death of a loved one can come between then strengthen father and son. As in many families, there is one person that is the glue of the family. In Stegner’s story the mother is what held the family together. Even while the mother was living, John and Henry’s relationship was never seemed strong. The father and son’s relationship is described as, â€Å" . . . driftwood in a wide cold sea† (215) and â€Å" . . . the two weak illuminations diffusing in the shadowy poolroom, leaving the middle in almost absolute dark† (208). Their relationship was filled with holes and misunderstandings. Stegner seems to symbolize the father and son as a light on each end and the shadowy darkness being their relationship. There is an emptiness in their relationship due to the lack of communication. As Stegner shows throughout the whole story the father and son are not capable of communicating as they need to. Stegner illustrates how the lack of communication leads to their misunderstandings. Henry, the son, does not understand how his father could return to his old ways after his mother saved him from the bar scene. Stegner writes, â€Å"He did not forgive his father the poolhall, or forget the way the old man had sprung back into the old pattern, as if his wife had been a jailer and he was now released† (204). Henry was unable to see that the pool hall was a place that his father was comfortable. The poolhall was all he knew and wanted. In Henry’s case he goes hunting to ease his mind from things and as soo... Free Essays on Reflections Free Essays on Reflections Today’s society has been overwhelmed with many family problems. This statement holds true in Wallace Stegner’s short story â€Å"The Blue-Winged Teal.† John and Henry, the two main characters, are father and son with a problem bigger than the both of them combined. With the death of the wife and mother, their relationship, if there was one, was lost with little hope of getting it back. Stegner’s short story exemplifies how the life and death of a loved one can come between then strengthen father and son. As in many families, there is one person that is the glue of the family. In Stegner’s story the mother is what held the family together. Even while the mother was living, John and Henry’s relationship was never seemed strong. The father and son’s relationship is described as, â€Å" . . . driftwood in a wide cold sea† (215) and â€Å" . . . the two weak illuminations diffusing in the shadowy poolroom, leaving the middle in almost absolute dark† (208). Their relationship was filled with holes and misunderstandings. Stegner seems to symbolize the father and son as a light on each end and the shadowy darkness being their relationship. There is an emptiness in their relationship due to the lack of communication. As Stegner shows throughout the whole story the father and son are not capable of communicating as they need to. Stegner illustrates how the lack of communication leads to their misunderstandings. Henry, the son, does not understand how his father could return to his old ways after his mother saved him from the bar scene. Stegner writes, â€Å"He did not forgive his father the poolhall, or forget the way the old man had sprung back into the old pattern, as if his wife had been a jailer and he was now released† (204). Henry was unable to see that the pool hall was a place that his father was comfortable. The poolhall was all he knew and wanted. In Henry’s case he goes hunting to ease his mind from things and as soo...

Top 70 Customer Service Jobs That Are Hiring Today

Top 70 Customer Service Jobs That Are Hiring Today Customer service jobs exist in every industry. If you enter this field, your  job will be to work with customers to answer their questions, deal with their complaints, and serve as a   representative to offer information about what your company does and/or sells. Mostly your interactions will be via phone, but customer service representatives also interact with customers over email, live chat, or face-to-face. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics,  although customer service representatives are employed in almost every  industry, the majority work in telephone call centers, credit and insurance agencies, banks, and retail stores.Here is a list of titles that fall under the Customer Service umbrella.Customer Service Job TitlesCall Center AnalystCall Center CoordinatorCall Center DirectorCall Center ManagerCall Center Project ManagerCall Center RepresentativeCall Center SupervisorCustomer Care CoordinatorCustomer Loyalty SpecialistCustomer Service AdministratorCustomer Se rvice AnalystCustomer Service SupervisorClient Services DirectorClient Services ExecutiveClient Services ManagerClient Success DirectorClient Success ManagerClient Success SpecialistClient TrainerCustomer AdvocateCustomer Development AnalystCustomer Development DirectorCustomer Development ManagerCustomer Development SpecialistCustomer Program ManagerCustomer Retention DirectorCustomer Retention SpecialistCustomer Retention SupervisorCustomer Service Account ManagerCustomer Service AssistantCustomer Service ManagerCustomer Service RepresentativeCustomer Service TrainerCustomer Solutions ManagerCustomer Solutions ProviderCustomer Success RepresentativeCustomer Support EngineerCustomer Support Project ManagerCustomer Support Team ManagerDirector of Customer RelationsDirector of Technical SupportFront End ManagerFront End SpecialistGreeterMembership AssistantMembership ConsultantMembership CoordinatorMembership DirectorMembership ManagerMembership RepresentativeProduct TrainerRetention ManagerSenior Technical Support EngineerService Delivery AnalystService Delivery DirectorService Delivery ManagerTechnical Services CoordinatorTechnical Support EngineerTechnical Support RepresentativeTechnical Support Team ManagerTelephone OperatorTelephone Operator SupervisorTicket ScannerVice President, Call CenterVP Client ServicesVP Customer RetentionWarranty AdministratorWarranty ManagerWarranty RepresentativeWarranty TechnicianWhile the specific duties and traits of customer service representatives vary by industry, the common thread successful employees will have are  people skills and an ability to retain and explain large amounts of knowledge about a product or company. Experience using computer software applications is key, and will increase your hireability.In order to enter this field, most jobs require you to have  a high school diploma or equivalent. According to BLS,  employment of customer service representatives is projected to grow 10 percent through 2024, faster than the average for all occupations, and the median hourly wage for the field  is around $15.25.

Europe After the Fall of the Roman Empire 400-600 AD Essay

Europe After the Fall of the Roman Empire 400-600 AD - Essay Example The western side of the Roman Empire, that is Europe, became a part of the Roman Empire under its strong military power. The extension of the land was fully made by the emperor Trajan in the second century. All the countries near to the Mediterranean Sea came under Rome. Rome had started to rule Britain even from 55 B.C. From Britain in the Western side, the Roman Empire had kept all the European countries under its rule. From 3rd century onwards the supremacy of Rome came down due to various reasons. The Germanic people had settled on the borders of Rome years ago and by the fourth century their hold was so powerful. â€Å"By the end of the fourth century, however, the relationship between the Romans and the Germans began to change radically as a great influx of Visigoths swept toward the Western frontiers of the empire† (American Book Works Corporation 81). In A.D. 476, Rome finally fell to the hands of these barbarian people. The last emperor Romulus Augustus, a boy had to surrender before the Germanic king Odoacer. Rome witnessed the independent rule of Odoacer for a few years. After the fall of Rome, it influenced with its rich tradition on the construction of new kingdoms in Europe. The essay analyzes how the Roman tradition worked as a strong influence on the later kingdoms of Europe after the fall of Rome in A.D. 476. Europe witnessed the rule of different kings after the Roman fall. Theodoric, a general who is not in the Roman tradition defeated Odoacer and established his kingdom named Ostrogothic kingdom. They were not ready to reshuffle everything of Roman tradition rather they followed what was Roman. It is said, â€Å"He built legitimacy for his new state by preserving traditional Roman institutions, especially the Senate and the office of consul† (The transformation of the Roman Empire 223) Further it is seen that he had followed the policy of Constantine on religious toleration. The next ruler of the Europe was Franks. They have se ttled the country to what is now called as France. The leader of Franks, Clovis became the emperor in A.D. 507. Clovis’s dynasty ruled for 200 years. It was named Merovingian dynasty, taking up â€Å"the legendary Frankish ancestor Merovech† (The transformation of the Roman Empire 224). The Merovingian dynasty had taken many of the Roman traditions in its rule. Their state combined â€Å"barbarian military might with Roman social and legal traditions† (The transformation of the Roman Empire 224). Almost all rulers had taken the noble aspects of Roman culture when they ascended into power. Visigoth king Athaulf who ruled during the period from 410 -415 A.D. explained the goals of his ruling strategy as â€Å"reviving the Roman name with Gothic strength† (The transformation of the Roman Empire 223). It was the intention of many of the new emperors to restore the Roman law and culture. So, after the fall of Rome, the Roman laws got much prominence among the new rulers. They wrote the legal codes of Rome and practiced in their countries. The practice of fining was another landmark of the Roman tradition in the new kingdoms. The penalties were incurred to the law offenders and the majority of it would go to the nearest relative of the person affected. After the fall of Rome, there developed a Gallo- Roman culture and language. When most part of Gaul came under the rule Merovingian kings, the amalgamation of Roman

Understanding the Concepts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Understanding the Concepts - Essay Example A current ratio is considered good if is above 1.0. Another ratio of importance for small business owners is net margin. The net margin is a financial metric that measures the absolute profitability of a company. It is calculated diving net income by total sales. A third ratio I would emphasis is return on assets (ROA). Return on assets measures the effectiveness of the owners or managers to generate net income from its assets. As a manager of a large corporation I would target other ratios that small business owners do not consider. The earnings per share (EPS) is an important ratio due to the fact that it measures the amount of income generated per common stock outstanding. A high EPS positively impacts the market value of a common stock. A second financial metric that corporations have to consider is the dividend payout ratio. The dividend payout ratio is an index showing whether a company pays out most of its earnings in dividends or reinvests the earnings internally. A third rat io I would pay close too is inventory turnover. Inventory turnover is calculated dividing cost of goods sold by average inventory balance. It measures how many times a company’s inventory has been sold during a year. Debt financing occurs when companies borrow money from other parties to finance its operations. Three types of debt financing instruments are loans, notes payables, and corporate bonds. The federal government is one of the biggest players in the debt industry. One of the greatest benefits of debt financing is the ability to raise large amounts of money to be paid in monthly payments. Each monthly payment is composed of two portions: equity and interest. Bonds are an advantageous instrument due to the fact that the principal of the bond is paid back at maturity age. A disadvantage of debt financing is the high interest rates that are paid to the lender. Companies with excellent credit scores are able to borrow money at lower prices. Sometimes companies prefer to r aise capital using debt instead of equity because the sale of stocks dilutes the value of the stocks and it lowers the control of the existing owners. The financial results of a company are correlated with the risks taken by the management team of the company. Higher risks propositions tend to have higher return associated with the option. Risk adverse managers do not like risk, thus they avoid it at all costs. From the perspective of an investor purchasing stocks has more risk than investing in treasury bills. Bonds that pay a higher coupon rates have higher risks than lower paying bonds. Two companies that rate corporate and governmental bonds are Moody’s and Standard & Poor’s. The highest rated bond grades are AAA by Moody’s and Aaa by Standard & Poor’s. A financial variable that can be used to measure the risks of a company is the beta coefficient. The beta of a company measures how sensitive a common stock is in relation to fluctuations in the market . A company with a Beta of one moves in the same direction as the market. Companies with fluctuations above one are more sensitive to market fluctuations. A beta below one implies the company is not sensitive to fluctuations in the market. Beta can also be used as part of the formula of the capital pricing asset model (CAPM). The formula to calculate the capital asset pricing model is Ks = Krf +B(Km-Krf) (McCracken, 2009). CAPM compares the risk of a company against the entire

Case Study 2 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

2 - Case Study Example In case of an acute hemolytic transfusion reaction due to ABO incompatibility is specifically identified â€Å"a reviewable sentinel event for which a comprehensive analysis of cause, corrective action, preventive action† (2013) an reporting are required. Successful performances of these require the involvement of medical staffs and practice guidelines for ordering blood transfusion. Late 1970’s showed an increasing demand for blood and it’s products with rising cost and transfusion associated morbidity, thereby reviewing blood ordering and transfusion practices and these studies showed gross over-ordering of blood much in excess of anticipated needs. Surplus units of blood ordered by surgeons are not properly utilized resulting in the loss of shelf-life and wastage of blood. Eg: â€Å"In South Africa 7-10% of blood is wasted annually because of over ordering of blood† (Cable et al. 2002). â€Å"Blood ordering is a common practice in surgical field† (Pediatric Preoperative Blood Ordering: When is a Type and Screen or Crossmatch Really Needed?, 2014) where the average requirement for a particular procedure is usually based on subjective blood loss rather than on evidence based estimates. Over ordering with minimal utilization squanders technical time and impose extra expenses on patients.† Excessive cross-matching with minimal transfusion practice was observed in elective surgical patients†. Blood ordering pattern for elective procedures needs to be revised and over ordering should be avoided. The hospitals with blood transfusion committee should forcefully formulate maximum surgical blood ordering policies for elective surgical procedures and also follow up regular auditing. Blood management has also helped those refusing blood products for religious or other reasons. This has revolutionized and broadened the scope of clinical applications which inv olves â€Å"the functions of blood utilization,

Effects of the 2007 2009 Recession on Strategic Marketing Management Essay

Effects of the 2007 2009 Recession on Strategic Marketing Management Practices - Essay Example The impact of the economic downturn has redrawn the competitive structure of markets and created new and often unfamiliar situations for suppliers. One of the contributing factors for this â€Å"new normal† has been growing international protectionism and reduced access to finances that has circumscribed growth options in recovery (Muller, 2010, 67). In the wake of this challenging market situation, many businesses have managed to overcome market-place challenges and maximize opportunities by conducting strategic consumer and competitor analysis, and shifting their strategies accordingly. With this regard, this generally involves changing the target market and/or adapting the business’ marketing mix. However, the response that the recession elicited from marketing managers depended on their perceptive of its meaning and the impact it had on their businesses (Muller, 2010, 244). The Case of Revlon, Inc One organization that had to alter its strategic marketing management practices to overcome the marketing challenges of the 2007 – 2009 economic recession is Revlon, Inc. Revlon is an American multinational corporation that specializes in the provision of beauty products. Its line of business involves cosmetics, skincare, personal care and fragrance products. The company’s portfolio brands include: Revlon ® color cosmetics, Revlon ® beauty tools, Revlon Colorsilk ® hair color, Almay ® color cosmetics, Charlie ® fragrances, Ultima II ® skin care, Mitchum ® anti-perspirant deodorants, and Gatineau ® skin care. The US has a relatively large market for color cosmetics, accounting for more than 18% of the world’s market for color cosmetics. Revlon has a massive market share considering that it...The consumption per user growth rate of the industry dropped to 0.7% in 2008 from 1.4% in 2007, and continued to drop steadily throughout half of the following year. In addition, the average per unit price declined significantl y in the course of the recession period as consumers switched to low-priced brands due to reduced disposable income (Glamface, 2013, n.p). The marketing challenges that Revlon faced during and after the recent recession were not only caused by the reduced consumer spending, but also due to strong competition from the major players in the industry. According to Glamface (2013), Revlon is only a middle-level player in the cosmetics industry and is not able to invest as large amounts in research and development as the larger players such as L’oreal (LRLCY) and Proctor & Gamble. In addition, competition from smaller competitors than Revlon such as Avon and Estee Lauder Companies increased. Conclusion Revlon’s performance in the beauty industry has improved significantly since the initiation of its adapted strategic marketing management practices to cope with the effects of the 2007 – 2009 financial and economic crises. Revenue and Market share have increased significantly, indicating that adjustment of marketing practices are crucial for businesses to overcome the challenges of recession.

An address to the Loyal Citizens and Congress of the United States of Essay

An address to the Loyal Citizens and Congress of the United States of America adopted by a convention of Negroes held in Alexand - Essay Example An address to the Loyal Citizens and Congress of the United States of America adopted by a convention of Negroes held in Alexandria, Virginia, from August 2 to 5, 1865 This document was written by the African Americans who were once slaves and who had survived the chaos of the American Civil War. These Americans are from a slave state. The first thing once is see is how well the document was written. It is written in formal English and appears to be something which a lawyer would write. One would have to say the document reflects the high education level that some African Americans had gained in spite of the hostile atmosphere of racism that surrounded them. This address underlined the participation and sacrifice of African Americans in the Civil War. It notes that there were 200,000 black soldiers participating. Their undying devotion to the Northern Union cause was confirmed, the address says, by the exclamations that escaped Northern prisoners shouted, whenever they saw a black fa ce. History tells us that after the Civil War a repressive period toward African Americans followed during the Reconstruction Era. The South had been defeated, but that later came back and re-installed their repressive and brutal control over black people, expressing their racism in every way and manner they could. What is interesting about this document is that the newly freed blacks saw that this was going to happen. They express to the Congress of the United States that the loyalty the former residents speak of was only "lip deep"! This expression is unique for us, showing how words and their uses have evolved. Today we no longer use that expression and one would guess it would be called archaic at present. But the expression is full of knowledgeable insight. One must look at the quoting of numbers. The people who wrote the document were fully aware of the strength of the south, of how many of the rebels had been paroled or given amnesty. With such insight, their claim that there will be "unfriendly legislation" - which they quoted to make the term sand out, and setbacks in what the North had accomplished for black people, stands clear and well spoken of. The purpose of the document draws clear. The African Americans were asking for the right to vote before the southern voters re-kindled and passed racist laws. (Congress would later pass the 15th Amendment in 1869 given African American males the right to vote. It would be ratified in 1870). They provided several arguments. One argument was that they will be able to distinguish between a traitor and a loyal man. They pointed to how 12,000 black voters helped Governor Seymour return to his position in New York, along with another politician. This argument, then, addressed the political needs of the Democratic party at that time. But more important was that the African American contingent pointed out that with possession of the ballot, they would be able to protect themselves. Another interesting archaic word phrase came up. They were looking for an equal chance to protect themselves against the "white traitors varnished and japanned," they say, made again citizens with the oath of amnesty. The African Americans assume that the northern whites had faith with them and hence could not deny them the vote. But was this true? Did whites have faith in the blacks? What is very interesting is that this appeal also shows the atmosphere of mistrust that seem to float around all involved parties. It was no cakewalk, after the Civil War. Abraham Lincoln had made the move of emancipation after the War had started and late into it, 1863. Even his move reflected the hesitant nature of American politics. Lincoln probably knew that attitudes had to be given time to change and that at the time he issued the Emancipation Proclamation, that it was the best time to do over a weak South. But the Appeal shows how the black people knew that the Southerners were still not ready. They had still not changed their minds and were still racist. In the paragraph before last, the African Ameri

Effects of the 2007 2009 Recession on Strategic Marketing Management Essay

Effects of the 2007 2009 Recession on Strategic Marketing Management Practices - Essay Example The impact of the economic downturn has redrawn the competitive structure of markets and created new and often unfamiliar situations for suppliers. One of the contributing factors for this â€Å"new normal† has been growing international protectionism and reduced access to finances that has circumscribed growth options in recovery (Muller, 2010, 67). In the wake of this challenging market situation, many businesses have managed to overcome market-place challenges and maximize opportunities by conducting strategic consumer and competitor analysis, and shifting their strategies accordingly. With this regard, this generally involves changing the target market and/or adapting the business’ marketing mix. However, the response that the recession elicited from marketing managers depended on their perceptive of its meaning and the impact it had on their businesses (Muller, 2010, 244). The Case of Revlon, Inc One organization that had to alter its strategic marketing management practices to overcome the marketing challenges of the 2007 – 2009 economic recession is Revlon, Inc. Revlon is an American multinational corporation that specializes in the provision of beauty products. Its line of business involves cosmetics, skincare, personal care and fragrance products. The company’s portfolio brands include: Revlon ® color cosmetics, Revlon ® beauty tools, Revlon Colorsilk ® hair color, Almay ® color cosmetics, Charlie ® fragrances, Ultima II ® skin care, Mitchum ® anti-perspirant deodorants, and Gatineau ® skin care. The US has a relatively large market for color cosmetics, accounting for more than 18% of the world’s market for color cosmetics. Revlon has a massive market share considering that it...The consumption per user growth rate of the industry dropped to 0.7% in 2008 from 1.4% in 2007, and continued to drop steadily throughout half of the following year. In addition, the average per unit price declined significantl y in the course of the recession period as consumers switched to low-priced brands due to reduced disposable income (Glamface, 2013, n.p). The marketing challenges that Revlon faced during and after the recent recession were not only caused by the reduced consumer spending, but also due to strong competition from the major players in the industry. According to Glamface (2013), Revlon is only a middle-level player in the cosmetics industry and is not able to invest as large amounts in research and development as the larger players such as L’oreal (LRLCY) and Proctor & Gamble. In addition, competition from smaller competitors than Revlon such as Avon and Estee Lauder Companies increased. Conclusion Revlon’s performance in the beauty industry has improved significantly since the initiation of its adapted strategic marketing management practices to cope with the effects of the 2007 – 2009 financial and economic crises. Revenue and Market share have increased significantly, indicating that adjustment of marketing practices are crucial for businesses to overcome the challenges of recession.

Healthcare Right Or Privilege Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Healthcare Right Or Privilege - Essay Example If the concept of healthcare is deemed as a right, healthcare as a privilege becomes self-evident and contradictory with the definition of right itself. Those, who are willing to argue that healthcare is a right, simultaneously propose a bunch of policies that ultimately turns healthcare as privilege. In this regard, Brian T. Schwarz (2008) says, â€Å"Ironically, those who claim health care is â€Å"a right and not a privilege† support policies that make it a privilege† (p.1). Even both theoretically and ethically healthcare as a privilege are more reasoning than it as a right. Since philosophically the definition of right pivots on the commonality of the individuals’ ability to do and to have anything that sustains them both physically and mentally, the concept of healthcare as a right requires some additional attributes. Healthcare is a Product produced by those in this Field In the first place, healthcare as a right asserts that one has the right to take care of one’s health to avail themselves of the available healthcare options. Also the basic concept of ‘right’ ensures that one’s right must not be entitled to what others produce without their consents. That is, one’s right must not harm others’ right. In the following lines MA Faria (1997) delineates what natural right is and what a state’s role in preserving it is: â€Å"Natural rights embody the concept of individual autonomy and negative rights that are inalienable and inherent to human beings. Natural rights†¦..like human rights can be exercised by all individuals simultaneously without infringing and trampling on the rights of others.† (p.98) If analyzed deeply, it will be evident that â€Å"healthcare consists of diagnoses and treatments by highly-trained medical professionals. It involves sophisticated products, instruments, and tests designed and developed at great investment, effort, and cost by scientists, enginee rs, and entrepreneurs. That is, people produce health care† (Schwarz, 2008, p. 2). The pattern of healthcare market in the USA has flourished to the stage at which the status of healthcare as a product has been rather boosted up by the mode the production of healthcare service. On one hand, the US healthcare industry has excelled both qualitatively and quantitatively in the past few decades. On the other hand, healthcare-cost has increased many times, as it is said in an article, According to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Americans spent $1.3 trillion, or 13.2 percent of the gross domestic product, on health care in 2000. Since the mid-1960s, health care costs have increased at double-digit levels, far exceeding the rate of inflation. (Barlett & James, 2006, p. 34) In the face of the increasing cost of medical-care in the private, the Health Saving Account was started as a tax advantaged medical savings account in 2003. Health saving account (HSA) is an inv estment in individual health an option differentiated from health insurance cover. In this account the patient deposits savings in order to pay for their health care needs. This account allows people to pay for current health expenses and save for future medical and retiree health expenses on a tax-free basis. The goal of these

The Effectiveness of a Market Research in Ensuring the Profitability of Laundry Business in Dumaguete City Essay Example for Free

The Effectiveness of a Market Research in Ensuring the Profitability of Laundry Business in Dumaguete City Essay Laundry shops nowadays are very common in Dumaguete City. Everywhere you go, you can see a laundry shop. That is why business is very competitive. The worse thing is that there are times laundry shops have small income since most people have washing machines in their home. For a laundry business, increasing profitability is important especially small laundry services. That is why there is market research. Like what Philip Kotler (1999) said, â€Å"Competing[underscoring added] in the new millennium will demand more skillful marketing than ever before. Marketers must become more world class in their marketing decision making practices. Monitoring your success and doing course corrections are critical for survival and growth in the new millennium, he warns (p. 6C). To clarify, although many laundry businesses in Dumaguete City do not undergo market research, acquiring both positive and negative information about the behavior of the customers and competitors through market research can ensure the profitability of laundry businesses in Dumaguete City as it helps define the scope of the specific services an owner wants to offer, helps in identifying the right strategies for a faster service, and helps in acquiring new costumers especially commercial clients (universities, hospitals, hotels). This paper represents the discussion on why market research is effective in ensuring profitability of laundry businesses in Dumaguete City in four parts. The first part shows that market research defines the scope of the specific services an owner wants to offer. The second part also shows the identifying of the right strategies for a faster service. The third part mention about acquiring new costumers especially commercial clients (for example: universities, hospitals, hotels, resorts, etc. ). The final part presents the reasons why market research is not widely used by laundry businesses in Dumaguete City and arguments regarding how to overview these reasons. With market research, the owner can define the scope of specific services to offer. Through defining the scope, the owner can obtain opportunities to add extra services. And in adding extra services can be done by recognizing the prospects to serve various groups of customers. In this way, the â€Å"take all comers† approach will be very effective in the business. The owner will never turn away any customer that wants to do business. Being a business with a variety of services will also make the it recognizable in your community, especially when the it is the only one with many services to choose from. The downside of this method is you cannot attempt to have low prices because of the expenses (Clark, n. d. ). Expanding the services can be achieved by identifying the unmet needs of a certain group of customers. From an anonymous author of Strategyn (n. d. ): â€Å"Looking through a jobs-to-be-done lens, we see that a market opportunity exists when customers struggle to get a job done. Indeed, addressing those unmet needs is the key to success. † Surely, Conducting a focus group is helpful in identifying the unmet needs of customers. A focus group is a small six to ten different people group that will have an open discussion about specific topic. This will help in discovering the unmet needs of the business’s customers since it will bring out different opinions or complaints. To put it in another way, interviewing customers is a great tool in knowing the unmet needs of clienteles. Just like the importance of interviewing by Zhivago (n. . ): â€Å"You simply cant be successful in marketing if youre not talking to customers. There is no other source of political power. † Without customers, a business can never gain income. Pleasing the customer is always a way to have a reason to always specifically choose a laundry business to go to. In addition, considering what services clients want to acquire is another good way to know the unmet needs of cust omers. When customers mutter suggestions or ideas, always pay attention to what they are saying. And when considering the services clients want to inquire, they will always feel they are well respected and important. That feeling is always good to have with customers because they will make the business special to them also (Friedmann, n. d. ). Another thing is, by defining the scope; the owner can acquire information from clientele to expand existing services. â€Å"To discover customer requirements or expectations for service†, one of the â€Å"ten most common objectives† in service business (Walker, Boyd, Larrech, 1996, p. 2), can be helpful in increasing the quality of existing services. Expanding existing services are always good. This way, the laundry business’ existing services will be well equipped, updated and fast. Moreover, The owner may observe the comments of the clients to the existing services. Comments usually are in two ways: positive and negative. Especially with customers, always contemplate the comments they made, whether good or bad. Dep ending on their comments, the business can expand its existing services or abolish them. Another is the businessman may interview valued customers to suggest the services they want to expand in the business. Interviewing is always an option. Since when interviewing customers, the interviewer (someone hired from a laundry business) can be up and personal with the interviewee (customer of a specific laundry shop) making them comfortable and be able to express their opinions and ideas about the services they want to expand or the services they do not like. In the same way, the proprietor may administer questionnaires about the services of the laundry business to a specific group of clients. Even though there is a great liability when conducting questionnaires, it is still important to do since some customers are busy or they do not want to be interviewed, a survey can be a great help especially when the business is in need of a large number of people with their opinions and ideas. Another keypoint by means of market research, the owner can identify the right strategies for a faster service. And examining the size of the market that includes knowing how many people have the unmet need may provide information about the right strategies for having a faster service (using what type of detergent, softener, bleaching powder, folding method, and how to deliver the items). Firstly, Examining the size of the market can identify common problems that may arise among workers. Getting workers’ opinion is an effective way to know the problems in the workplace. And evaluating workers’ performance is also essential in ensuring a productive environment in the workplace. Edwards (n. d. ) wrote about how to solve conflicts between employees: â€Å"Identify the problem. Handle the problems as soon as possible. Talk to each employee†¦ask what he has a problem with. Face-to-face discussion usually in from[sic] of a private meeting (underscoring added), is one of the most successful approaches to conflict resolution because it concentrates on solving the problem directly. † This way the harmony and togetherness of the staff will go back. With no more tension and aggression, the work will be faster and more precise (Hester, n. d. ). Also, investigating the scope of the market can lead to the inspection of valued customers for a better approach. And asking for feedbacks can help inspect valued customers for a better method. Receiving customer feedback enables a business to correct any issues or concerns customers may have with laundry’s services. When customers provide feedback, a laundry shop is able to save money, time and improve relationships with customers. Not being in tune with the customers is like living in an alternate reality; the way you think your customers feel about your services is not always the same as what your customers really think about your services. A dissatisfied customer may tell five or six other people about his/her bad experience, which could harm the laundry business’ reputation. Feedback allows you to correct these problems. And then, improving the operations of the laundry business through the use of right strategies will result to a faster service. Increasing employees in the business (from doing fry cleaning, ironing, transporting, folding, etc. will surely result to a faster service. Having more employees will make the work done faster, especially when workers are in harmony and in sync. Likewise, having up-to-date machinery will improve the operations of the laundry business. Usually costumers nowadays want to go to a laundry shop with a fast service. With machinery, doing the work will become firme r and accurate. Especially with washing machines, having a recent model will surely boost the business’ work process. Identically, having a multitude of transportation vehicles can help improve the operations of a laundry business. With multiple vehicles, the business can deliver clothes at the same time. This is also used when the business experience the same time in delivery of clothes to different customers but their houses are so far away from each other. The last keypoint by way of market research, the owner can acquire new customers especially commercial clients (universities, hospitals, hotels). With this, drawing the attention of potential customers is a great way of acquiring them. And in applying the right kind of advertising strategies can draw the customers’ attention. Advertising is a fast way for the business to be notice by people. With proper advertising, it will have a great impact on selling the services of the business especially when maximizing the business’ money to make an effective advertisement of any kind (anonymous, n. d. ). Also, accommodating promos for big customers can also attract possible commercial clients. Promos are a great way to attract customers. Every person is always attracted when catching worthwhile promos especially when they can benefit from it the most. In the laundry business, it does not hurt the business when it will rarely run promos for customers. The business should always show they are not greedy. And in inquiring for the clients’ expectations is an approach to know how to acquire new customers. From the important customer expectations by McGraw (2007): Customer expectations are beliefs about service delivery that serve as standards or reference points against which performance is judged. Because customers compare their perceptions of performance with these reference points when evaluating service quality, thorough knowledge about customer expectations is critical to services marketers. Knowing what the customer expects is the ? rst and possibly most critical step in delivering good quality service. Being wrong about what customers want can mean losing a customer’s business when another company hits the target exactly. Being wrong can also mean expending money, time and other resources on things that do not count to the customer. Being wrong can even mean not surviving in a ? ercely competitive market. (p. 55) Just like satisfying their needs may result to clients’ loyalty. And having a good atmosphere in the business may produce secured customers. Smith (2013) talks about the advantages for having a welcoming atmosphere for laundry shops: â€Å"Having a welcoming atmosphere for example, can tremendously improve your performance and profits. Employees, co-workers, and customers appreciate a welcoming environment because it reduces stress levels (n. d. ). † There are so many misinterpretations about market research and its uses. For some, market research means a difficult method that only professionals can do. For others, market research is just a useless thing because it provides data that are very hard to understand (Chapman, n. d. ). There are also the reasons why market research is not widely used by laundry businesses in Dumaguete City. Firstly, many laundry businesses experienced budgetary onstraints. Processing and gathering data requires a huge amount of money. There are some companies that don’t have experts to conduct extensive market researching. Because of that, they will rely on secondary sources because of its cheapness but these data is not perfect. It will have many flaws and the liability of the data will increase (Riley, 2012). As what Breen and Blankenship (1999) have written, â€Å"Almost everyone fails to understand that most marketing research studies can be done quite adequately in a ‘cheap and dirty’ manner† (p. ). Due to the lack of information and budget, many laundry businesses ignore the benefits of market research. Even though the business will suffer budget constraint, with effective market researching, the business will gain back its income and acquire more. The business will have more benefits in conducting market research than not conducting it at all. Aside from that, they dont have enough knowledge about the used of low-cost methods of market research. In addition, most of the laundry businesses suffer from time constraints. Time is directly related to the costs, as the longer the research takes, the more costly it may turn out for the company. Questions must be prepared, answers must be provided by volunteers and answers must be examined by employees within a given time period. When the research takes longer, it is because the researchers are taking it seriously. Especially when giving surveys to people, it will take time and effort. Time is one of the important factors in conducting market research. Having limited time for this kind of research may result to inaccurate data and faulty conclusion. As an effect, many businesses owners dont prioritized market research. But sacrificing time is the least of the business’ worries. Conducting market research does take time, but when it will be finished, it will really help the business. Improving the business is much more pleasing than not doing anything at all. Another reason is that many laundry businesses’ owners questioned the reliability of the data acquired from market research. Data is the most critical in market research. This is really depending on the people answering the survey and avoiding bias interviewers. To ensure this, expenses will increase but this is a necessity if the researchers will want to avoid suspicious answers (Riley, 2012). Everything in this world revolves around money. Especially when getting information. Some people want to be paid when they will share their information. But in this way, the information the researchers have gathered will be accurate, and not biased. Sacrificing a little bit of money for people to give their answers is expected. Especially when Dumaguete is surrounded with many beggars or poor people. But even though it will cost a lot, benefits and advantages of market research is more than the disadvantages it held. Lastly, Countless owners of laundry businesses suffer from limited volunteers when they conduct market research. From Mary Jane’s (n. d. ) study: â€Å"Market research is primarily based on people’s opinions and views of a single product or service. The lack of respondents may also be a negative factor for a company’s market research. If the company sends out an online questionnaire, not everyone can fill it out, especially those with limited Internet access, for example. Another disadvantage of performing market research is the lack of an experienced interviewer representing the company. † There is a need to have enough respondents in conducting market research. Because of the fact that the word market research may entails a difficult responsibility or job, volunteers for different methods of market research are low. There are also the means on how to refute the opposing viewpoints stated above. The first one is lessening the budgetary constraints in conducting market research. This may be done in two ways. One way is the use of inexpensive materials. Free resources are available such as free statistical records compiled by federal, state and local government. Talking to a customer is a low-cost way of communicating to respondents. By also doing this, the researcher is able to directly talk with a potential costumer. Some may think this method is effective because potential costumers will label the laundry business conducting market research as friendly. And the use of cheap labor like consulting to professor instead of hiring a market researcher is a very effective way of saving money (Davis, n. d. ). Another way is knowing the right number of respondents. This will result to saving of money because no wastage will be done in terms of the materials in surveying, the cost of transportation, and etc. The second is reducing the problems of time constraints. It can be accomplished by setting a specific goal. Having a goal will direct you to the right path and as a result, time will be managed. Reducing the problems in time constraints can also be achieved by applying the right methods that are suitable in the study. No repetition is needed when the researcher apply the suitable method. Doing this can also gain more accurate data. The third is having a reliable data. This is very essential in making decisions and in evaluating past performances (Peter, Donnelly, Tarpay, 1992, p. 42). The first way to have this is through the use of the mastered method. A researcher can do the research well when using his/her mastered method. With that fact, the researcher can obtain reliable data that are needed in the study. The second way is through the choice of the right kind of respondents. The researcher must know who to ask or who to survey because only the right people can give accurate data. And lastly, the following can do taking enough volunteers: First is through the making of right-formatted cover letter. This will entail a great impression to the respondents. An interviewer is most likely to cooperate when he/she receives precise cover letter. Correct formation of cover letter can help convey the respondents to comply voluntarily and accordingly (Shuttles, Bennett, 2013). The second is through giving of ideas to respondents about the goals of the market research. The researcher must give the respondents a quick background or objectives of the study. This will help gain volunteers because the respondents will understand the study and will be more willing to do the research. The last way to acquire more volunteers is through ensuring the respondents about the data that it will be kept confidential and will be used correctly in the study. In this way, the researcher can get their trust and loyalty. And also the volunteers will be eager to answer any questions about the study. Based on the sources that the researcher has gathered, there is enough information for the researchers to analyze the effectiveness of market research. The researchers conclude that Although many laundry businesses in Dumaguete City don’t undergo market research, acquiring both positive and negative information about the behavior of the customers and competitors through market research can ensure the profitability of laundry businesses in Dumaguete City as it helps define the scope of the specific services an owner wants to offer, helps in identifying the right strategies for a faster service, and helps in acquiring new costumers especially commercial clients.

Law Essays Negligence Damages Breach

Law Essays Negligence Damages Breach Negligence Damages Breach For the purposes of this paper, it is assumed that liability for negligence rests solely on the Umbridge Village Fà ªte Committee (UVFC) with regard to the damages suffered by Tony and Will as it is generally accepted that legal responsibility should lie with the event organiser/hirer. The insurance policy should indemnify the Borsetshire County Council (BCC) against all activities on the agreed land, except to the extent that the damage is due to any act or omission of the BCC. In order to succeed in a claim for negligence, the claimant must prove that they were owed a duty of care, that the duty was breached, and that the breach resulted in the damage complained of. The authority for duty of care is the leading case of Donoghue v Stevenson (1932) and it is well established law that event organisers owe a duty of care to the participants, spectators and the general public who attend their events. It follows that the UVFC had a duty to ensure that all foreseeable risks had been adequately assessed and that the appropriate safety measures had been put in place with regard to the planned competitions. Given that a duty has been established, it must now be determined whether the UVFC has breached that duty. According to Alderson B, in Blyth v Birmingham Waterworks (1856), to avoid breaching a duty of care, the defendant must meet the standard of a â€Å"reasonable man†. This test is objective and recognises that the average person can not foresee every risk. Case law has established that anyone acting within a specific area of skill must show the same standard of care as a reasonable person with that particular skill. Therefore, the question to ask is â€Å"what would a reasonable event organiser, placed in the same position as the UVFC, have done, and did the UVFC meet that standard?† If it can be shown that the UVFC did not use sufficient care with regard to the competitions, liability in negligence may arise. Tony On the facts, it was wholly unreasonable to allow a competitor to use a garden trowel as a spile given the nature of the game. Any reasonable person would have recognised that using such an implement in that manner could result in serious injury. Therefore, the UVFC is in breach of its duty. It is readily apparent that ‘but for’ the negligent act of the event organiser in allowing the trowel to be used in the competition, this injury would not have occurred. Therefore, the UVFC will be liable for the injury unless the damage is too remote. The test for remoteness of damage as held in The Wagon Mound (1961) is that the damage must have been reasonably foreseeable. This is readily established because all Tony must prove is that some personal injury was foreseeable. The precise circumstances need not be foreseeable, as damages can be recovered for an â€Å"unforeseeable form of a foreseeable type of injury†, and for â€Å"unforeseeable consequences of a foreseeable type of injury† Therefore, it is likely that the UVFC will be liable for Tony’s injury. The UVFC may argue volenti non fit injuria. Case law has established that spectators assume the risk of injury when attending certain events and thus indemnify the organisers. For example a person attending an ice hockey event accepts the risk they could be injured by a puck. Similarly, a spectator at a golf tournement â€Å"runs the risk of the players slicing or pulling balls which may hit them with considerable velocity and damage.† However, Wilks v Cheltenham Home Guard Motor Cycle and Light Car Club (1971) established that a spectator can recover damages for injury resulting from the negligent act of one of the competitors or the failure of the event organiser to guard against accidents which are â€Å"foreseeable and not inherent in the sport or entertainment†, unless it can be shown that the spectator agreed to take the risk of being injured. Therefore the UVFC would need to prove that Tony â€Å"freely and voluntarily, with full knowledge of the nature and extent of the risk he ran, impliedly agreed to incur it.† Tony is regarded as having accepted the risk of injury due to foreseeable playing errors but not the risk of injury due to a reckless disregard of his safety. On the facts, Tony could not have assumed the risk of injury, as it was not foreseeable or inherent, that such an implement would be used in the event. If the court agreed, the defence would fail. Will It has already been established that the UVFC owes a duty of care. Therefore, Will must demonstrate that the UFVC was in breach of its duty. Would the reasonable event organiser, having regard for the safety of the competitors, allow the game to be played in the river? It is accepted fact that football matches are played on a pitch. Furthermore, it is common knowledge that rocks are usually present along riverbeds and that they can be slippery. Thus, there was an obvious danger of a slip and fall injury. The reasonable organiser would have recognised the risk and selected a more suitable site for the match. Therefore, the UVFC is in breach of its duty. Can it be said that the accident would not have occurred ‘but for’ the negligence of the UVFC? Undoubtedly, Tom’s act of tackling Will for the ball was a contributing factor in the incident. Did it constitute a novus actus? Can it be said that Will would have suffered injury ‘but for’ the negligence of either the UVFC or Tom? The courts have made it clear that they approach causation as a matter of common sense. Therefore, the judge must decide, of the two acts, which was the effective cause of Will’s injury. In applying the common sense approach to this scenario, the act of a third party will not be treated as the effective cause of the damages unless it was entirely unreasonable and independent of the original negligent act. It appears that the negligent act of holding the match in the river will be considered the effective cause of Will’s injury. Tom’s tackle was an incidental risk of the game and was neither unreasonable nor independent. Again there is no issue of remoteness, as personal injury was foreseeable. Does UVFC have any available defences to avoid liability? It could be argued that Will voluntarily consented to the risk of injury by participating in the match. It is accepted that a person engaged in playing a lawful game takes on himself the risks incidental to being a player. However, according to Gillmore v LCC (1938), he does not take on himself additional risks due to the provision of unsuitable premises or inadequate safety precautions. Gillmore was distinguished from the usual volenti non fit injuria cases on the grounds that the council, in allowing the game to be played on a highly polished surface, added a danger beyond the usual dangers involved in the playing of the game. Will may contend that holding the game in the river was an added danger. To succeed, the UVFC will have to prove that Will chose to run the risk having full knowledge of both the nature and extent of the risk, that he agreed to waive his rights in respect of such damage, and that he was not acting under any relevant pressure. If this is proven, Will’s claim will be unsuccessful as the defence operates as a full waiver of liability. In addition, a case could be made that Will accepted that playing in the river increased his risk of injury and as such, his decision to participate anyway was causative. It should be noted that while knowledge of the risk may show contributory negligence, it does not prove voluntary assumption of that risk. On that basis, it may be decided that Will acted carelessly and any damages awarded would be reduced taking into account his contributory negligence. With regard to Emma’s claim, the case of Cole v Davies-Gilbert and others (2007) was recently decided on similar facts. The Court ruled that there was no evidential basis on which to hold the event organiser or land owner liable for the claimant’s injury. The Occupiers’ Liability Act, 1957 (OLA 1957), introduced a common duty of care to visitors which is defined under section 2(2). This duty imposes a positive obligation on occupiers to ensure visitors are reasonably safe and is not the same as the duty of care in negligence. The definition of premises includes land and buildings, thus clearly encompassing the green. Section 1(2) provides that visitors are those persons who at common law would be treated as invitees and licensees. Based on the facts, Emma was a visitor because she had implied permission to walk across the green and was not acting outside the scope of her permission to be there. Therefore, she was owed a common duty of care. Occupier is not defined in the Act, however, according to Lord Denning in Wheat v Lacon (1966) â€Å"an occupier is someone who has a sufficient degree of control over premises that he ought to realise that any failure on his part to use care may result in injury to a person coming lawfully there as his visitor.† There can be more than one occupier and physical occupation is not compulsory. Thus, both the BCC and the UVFC could be considered occupiers under the Act. However, Emma may wish to pursue her claim against the UVFC in negligence rather than under the Act, since it no longer has control over the premises. The standard of care required of an occupier under the Act is the same as in common law negligence. The Court must look at whether or not the occupier’s conduct was below the standard of similar occupiers acting in the same circumstances. If the conduct does not fall below the standard of the reasonable occupier then it will not be said to have acted negligently. It is easily accepted that a deep hole in the centre of a public green poses a risk of harm and as such is a foreseeable danger. However, it is important to note that it is the visitor who must be reasonably safe and not the premises. Thus the fact that the exposed hole existed does not, without more, constitute a breach of duty. Thus the essential point to consider is whether the occupier acted reasonably. In so deciding, we must consider whether the hole had been adequately sealed after the event and whether a reasonable system of inspection and maintenance was in place. Assuming that this was the first incident involving the hole, it would be reasonable to believe that the hole had been properly sealed given the amount of time which passed without incident. Presumably, the UVFC would have been responsible for reinstating the green after the fà ªte under the hirer’s agreement with the BCC. It follows that the UVFC met the standard of care required of an occupier of premises and will not be liable for Emma’s injury. In negligence, the UVFC owes Emma a duty of care under the neighbour principle and as such, it could be argued that the UVFC was responsible for what went wrong. However, the Committee has acted reasonably in sealing the hole. Therefore there is no breach in negligence either. Finally, any claim against the UVFC would fail unless it could be proven that they knew, or had reasonable grounds to believe, that the hole had been exposed and did not take the necessary steps to avert the danger. In Emma’s claim against the BCC, it is unclear on the facts provided, what knowledge, if any, the BCC had of the exposed hole. Assuming it had no knowledge, Emma would have to prove that the Council’s system of inspection and follow up did not meet the accepted standard employed by other councils, or that it acted unreasonably. This would be difficult given that there were no prior incidents and no mention of complaints by groundskeepers or subsequent hirers of the green. Thus, if it could be shown that sensible and reasonable action was taken with regard to inspecting and maintaining the green, the BCC would escape liability. Conversely, if the BCC knew the hole was exposed, it could be found liable given the fact that it would not have been onerous to ensure that the hole was filled in properly and a ‘reasonable occupier’ would have done so. Under s2(4)(a) OLA 1957, it is possible to discharge the duty owed by providing adequate warnings that enable the visitor to avoid the danger. However, a warning is not to be treated without more as absolving the occupier from liability, unless in all the circumstances it was enough to enable the visitor to be reasonably safe as explained in Roles v Nathan (1963). In Rae v Mars UK (1989), it was held that â€Å"where an unusual danger exists the visitor should not only be warned of the danger but a barrier or additional notice should be placed to show the immediacy of the danger†. On the facts of the present case, there were no warnings or barriers. Therefore the BCC did not discharge its duty under the provision and should be held liable for Emma’s injury. Section 2(1) OLA 1957 provides that an occupier may exclude his duty ‘by agreement or otherwise’. Ashdown v Samuel Williams Sons Ltd (1957) held that it is sufficient for an occupier to post a â€Å"clear and unequivocal notice† at the point of entry excluding liability with respect to non-contractual entrants. Once again, on the facts, this was not done. A key point here is that the Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977 controls the exclusion of liability for negligence including the common duty of care under OLA 1957. Section 2(1) of the 1977 Act prohibits any attempt to exclude liability for personal injury resulting from negligence, although this is only applicable in a business context. If Emma could establish that she entered the green under contract she could successfully claim damages against the BCC even if it had posted an exclusion notice. A final consideration is the Compensation Act 2006 which serves to remind us that the law does not compensate people who are involved in pure accidents. Furthermore, Section 1 draws attention to the fact that in determining whether there has been a breach of duty, the court will consider whether â€Å"precautionary and defensive measures, if taken, would prevent desirable activities†, thereby attempting to â€Å"ensure that normal activities are not prevented due to fear of litigation and excessively risk-averse behaviour.† Therefore, unless Emma proves causative fault against either defendant, her claim should fail as clearly, too high a duty of care imposed by the courts would interfere with the reasonable enjoyment of life. Therefore, in the absence of any evidence to the contrary, Emma’s accident should be considered just that; an accident.

history :: essays research papers

At the time that Gotham City was situated, the political condition of the country was undergoing major transition. There was great need for politicians to take up opportunities created by the masses as a leverage for their own cause. Gotham City with its infrastructure would have been an ideal situation for any political figure to take up and use it for his own advantage. Michael Curley, who has been a democratic candidate himself, was keen on individuality. He had been nominated for Boston’s mayor several times but he had not been able to achieve significant success with Congress due his criminal background. Curley would have suggested that the town continues to develop the Gotham district that was thriving and at the same time the immigrant groups should be paid more attention. Curley believed that every person is entitled to social rights. Even if he was charged with fraud himself and jailed, the Bostinanian believed in individuality. He belived that any misuse of public rights should be rectified by law. In the case of Gotham City, the rights of the immigrants were being misuse; therefore they should be given their due rights. Similarly, George Washington Plunkitt (1842-1924) would also have the opinion that people whether poor or rich should be given opportunities to rectify their situation. He believed in dealing with any situation in an honest manner, not through dishonest black mailing etc. He believed every man is an opportunist and he should use such opportunities to better his cause. Whether these opportunities comes in the form of rectification of a city living standards or investing in a project. With Gotham City’s background an opportunist should take up the situation in his own hand to improve the condition of the city. With an infrastructure like Gotham, Plunkitt would have considered the city a good investment. To improve the condition of the city, they would have to improve the living condition of the immigrants further. This way they would build a stronger city and labor force for the meager industrial structure further. On the other hand Woodrow Wilson with his Princeton background would have a different view for reorganization of Gotham City. Wilson gained a Ph.D. and professorhood when he became president of Princeton in 1902. His main concern was to reorganize the curriculum and introduction of preceptorial system of instruction to provide individualized education to the masses.

Case Study: Improving Health by Getting Lean Essay

1. What perspective(s) of organizational effectiveness best describe the application of lean management practices? Describe how specific elements of that perspective related to the interventions described in this case study. This case study utilized several perspectives of organizational effectiveness to help adapt their goal of lean management. Within the open system perspective the most common strategy is to change the company’s products and services, as well as how outputs are produced (McShane & Von Glinow, 2015, page 9). Sunderland reached out to their external environment for information with borrowing ideas from a nearby Nissan factory and incorporated information learned. Sunderland integrated this information by mapping out their work processes, evaluated their activities, and developed ways to reduce lengthy patient wait times. In order to reach their goals, organizational learning perspective played a big part. Emphasis is placed on human capital with the knowledge and skills employees brought to the table. â€Å"Lean works because it is based on doctors, nurses, and other staff leading the process and telling us what adds value and what doesn’t. They are the ones who know† (McShane & Von Glinow, 2015, page 28). The input from employees helped reduce patient wait time, streamlines the patient pathway from 29 to 11 discrete stages, cut 34 miles of walking per day, reduced 60 percent of supplies used for hip and knee surgery, and improved congestion in the emergency department through varies of hospitals. With all the improvements high performance work practices perspective now takes shape. Involving employees in decision making and giving them more autonomy over their work activities tend to strengthen employee motivation and improve decision making, organizational responsiveness, and commitment to change (McShane & Von Glinow, 2015, page 13). Employee involvement was the key to strengthened motivation, decision-making and commitment to change. 2. Does lean management ignore some perspectives of organizational effectiveness? If so, what are the unintended consequences of these practices that might undermine rather than improve the organization’s effectiveness? In this case study, lean management may have ignored the stakeholder’s perspective if we look at this through the patients view and even the employee’s view. Although the lean management is quicker and more efficient customer care, at what cost comes from this? Wait time has always been a concern for patients but the quality of care over-rules the priority of the needs for the community (stakeholders). The case study in question only gives the point of view from the hospital, not the patient. So with that said, does the patient feel pushed through the system or do they feel they received a high quality of care? This is where corporate social responsibility (CSR) may be corrupted. CSR intentions are to benefit society with no regards to the financial or legal obligations. Looking at the reduction of time and supplies used, there is a push from the employees to rush patients through their medical services to meet their efficiency process. If this is the case, then both the patients and employees are conflicted. 3. In what situations, if any, would it be difficult or risky to apply lean management practices? What conditions make these practices challenging in these situations? In order for lean management to work, you must have management that understands the concept of lean management and how employees play a role in the success of the outcome. Leadership co-working with employees is essential for lean management to be successful. If you have managers or supervisors in place that does not allow employees to have a say in what works and what does not work, the implementation of lean management may result in failure. The conditions that make this challenging are when management decides what solution to use without understanding the real problem. References: McShane, S., & Glinow, M. (2015). Organizational behavior (Seventh ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education.